Acute Kidney Injury & Glomerular Disorders: Symptoms & Treatment

The kidneys are vital organs that filter waste, balance electrolytes, and regulate blood pressure. However, various conditions can impair kidney function, leading to severe health issues. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Glomerular Disorders are two common kidney conditions. AKI is a sudden loss of kidney function, while glomerular disorders affect the kidney's filtering units, causing long-term complications. Understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatment is essential for effective management.

What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

AKI is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function, leading to waste accumulation in the body. It can develop within hours or days and, if untreated, can lead to life-threatening complications.

Causes of AKI

• Decreased Blood Flow: Caused by dehydration, heart failure, or severe infections.
• Direct Kidney Damage: Due to toxins, medications, or autoimmune diseases.
• Obstruction: Blockage in the urinary tract due to kidney stones, tumours, or an enlarged prostate.

Symptoms of AKI

• Decreased urine output
• Swelling in legs and face
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion and fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting

What are Glomerular Disorders?

Glomerular disorders affect the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys called glomeruli. These disorders can lead to kidney damage, protein loss, and even kidney failure.

Types of Glomerular Disorders

• Glomerulonephritis (GN): Inflammation of the glomeruli due to infections, autoimmune diseases, or toxins.
• Nephrotic Syndrome: Characterized by high protein loss in urine, leading to swelling and increased cholesterol.
• Nephritic Syndrome: Causes blood in urine, high blood pressure, and reduced kidney function.

Symptoms of Glomerular Disorders

• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Swelling in legs and face
• High blood pressure
• Protein loss in urine (foamy urine)
• Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of AKI and Glomerular Disorders

Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Standard diagnostic tests include:

Blood Tests

• Serum Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Measures kidney function.
• Electrolyte Levels: Checks for imbalances in sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Urine Tests

• Urinalysis: Detects protein, blood, and other abnormalities.
• Urine Protein Test: Determines excessive protein loss.

Imaging Tests

• Ultrasound or CT Scan: Detects blockages, kidney stones, or structural abnormalities.

Kidney Biopsy

A small kidney tissue sample is examined under a microscope to diagnose glomerular disorders accurately.

Treatment of AKI and Glomerular Disorders

Treating Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

The treatment of AKI depends on the underlying cause. Common approaches include:

• Fluid Management: Ensuring proper hydration while avoiding fluid overload.
• Medications: Adjusting drugs that may harm the kidneys, such as NSAIDs and certain antibiotics.
• Dialysis: Used in severe cases where kidney function is critically impaired.

Managing Glomerular Disorders

Treatment varies depending on the type of disorder but generally includes:

Medications

• Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressants: Reduce inflammation in glomerulonephritis.
• Diuretics: Help control swelling by removing excess fluid.
• ACE Inhibitors and ARBs: Lower blood pressure and protect kidney function.

Dietary Changes

• Reducing salt intake to control swelling and blood pressure.
• Managing protein intake to reduce kidney workload.

Lifestyle Modifications

• Regular exercise to improve overall health.
• Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Prevention of AKI and Glomerular Disorders

While some risk factors cannot be controlled, specific steps can help maintain kidney health:

• Stay Hydrated: Drink lots of water to prevent dehydration.
• Monitor Blood Pressure: High blood pressure damages the kidneys over time.
• Control Blood Sugar Levels: Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease.
• Avoid Excessive Use of Painkillers: NSAIDs and certain medications can harm the kidneys.
• Get Regular Check-Ups: Early detection can prevent severe complications.

Complications of Untreated Kidney Conditions

If left untreated, both AKI and glomerular disorders can lead to:

• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Progressive loss of kidney function.
• End-stage renal Disease (ESRD): Complete kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant.
• Heart Disease: Kidney issues increase the risk of cardiovascular problems.
• Electrolyte Imbalances Can lead to irregular heartbeats, weakness, and neurological issues.

Conclusion

Acute Kidney Injury and Glomerular Disorders are severe conditions that require early diagnosis and proper management. Understanding their symptoms, causes, and treatment options can help prevent severe kidney damage. If you experience signs of kidney issues, seek medical attention immediately to protect your kidney health and overall well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the early signs of acute kidney injury?

The early signs of AKI include decreased urine output, swelling in the legs and face, fatigue, nausea, and confusion. If you experience these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

How are glomerular disorders diagnosed?

Glomerular disorders are diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies (ultrasound or CT scans), and kidney biopsy for a detailed assessment.

Can acute kidney injury be reversed?

Yes, AKI can often be reversed if detected early and treated correctly. Recovery depends on the underlying cause and timely medical intervention.

What foods should be avoided with kidney disease?

People with kidney disease should limit sodium, potassium, and phosphorus-rich foods. Processed foods, red meat, dairy, and high-sodium foods should be consumed in moderation.

Is dialysis necessary for all AKI patients?

Not all AKI patients require dialysis. It is only needed in severe cases where kidney function is significantly impaired, leading to toxin buildup and fluid overload.

Can glomerular disorders be cured?

Some glomerular disorders can be managed effectively with medication and lifestyle changes, while others may require long-term treatment to prevent complications.