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Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Preventions

By Dr. Amit Goel in Urology , Kidney Transplant , Uro-Oncology

Aug 23 , 2024 | 2 min read

Bladder cancer is a health concern that often manifests with distinct symptoms- the most common symptom is blood in the urine, known medically as haematuria. It can appear as microscopic or visible blood and is often the first sign prompting individuals to seek medical attention. Other symptoms include frequent urination, which involves an increased need to urinate even when the bladder is not full, and pain or burning during urination, known as dysuria, indicating irritation or possible infection within the bladder.

The diagnosis of bladder cancer involves several advanced tests and procedures. Imaging techniques like ultrasonography, CT scans, and MRI are crucial for visualizing the bladder and identifying abnormal growths. Urine analysis for malignant cells is another essential diagnostic tool, where urine samples are tested for the presence of cancer cells. Cystoscopy, a procedure that involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra, allows direct visualization and the opportunity to take tissue samples if necessary. To assess the spread of cancer to other parts of the body, a whole-body PET CT scan is performed, providing a comprehensive overview of the disease's extent.

Treatment options for bladder cancer vary depending on the stage and progression of the disease. Initially, endoscopic surgery, known as Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT), is often performed to remove the tumour through the urethra. This procedure is typically followed by intravesical chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. For more advanced cases, a radical cystectomy may be necessary, involving the surgical removal of the entire bladder. This can be done either through open surgery or laparoscopically/robotically, with reconstruction options including the creation of an ileal conduit or an orthotopic neobladder from a piece of the intestine, which helps in passing urine through the normal urinary passage but has to be done in properly selected cases. Additionally, bladder preservation surgery, such as partial cystectomy, where only part of the bladder is removed, can be considered for certain types of bladder tumours in selected patients.

Other treatment methods include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, each aiming to eliminate cancer cells and prevent further spread.

Prevention of bladder cancer is crucial and involves lifestyle modifications and regular medical check-ups. Avoiding smoking, a major risk factor for bladder cancer is essential. Yearly health check-ups, including blood and urine tests and ultrasonography, can aid in early detection. It is also important to consult a urologist if any symptoms or abnormal test results are observed, ensuring timely and effective intervention.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, staying vigilant about urinary habits, and seeking regular medical advice can significantly contribute to the prevention and early detection of bladder cancer, ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life.