Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Colon cancer, also called colorectal cancer, is becoming a significant health concern worldwide. While it was once thought to affect mainly older adults, cases among younger individuals are now rising. Early detection and lifestyle changes can help reduce the increasing burden of this disease. This blog will explore the causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive strategies for colon cancer, highlighting the importance of awareness and timely medical care.

What is Colon Cancer?

Colon cancer originates in the large intestine (colon), which forms the final part of the digestive system. It usually begins as small, benign polyps (clumps of cells) that can gradually develop into cancerous growths over time. In the early stages, colon cancer may not present noticeable symptoms, which makes regular screenings essential for early detection and effective treatment.

Causes of Colon Cancer

The exact cause of colon cancer remains unclear. However, several genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors have been linked to its development:

• Genetic Mutations: Changes in DNA can trigger abnormal cell growth in the colon, increasing the risk of cancer.
• Poor Diet: A diet rich in red and processed meats, low in fibre, and rich in unhealthy fats can elevate the risk of colon cancer.
• Chronic Inflammation: Long-term inflammation in the colon, such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can increase the chances of developing cancer.
• Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise can lead to poor digestive health and higher body fat levels, contributing to colon cancer.
• Smoking and Alcohol: Prolonged tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption can damage the colon lining, increasing cancer risk.

• Adenomatous Polyps

Symptoms of Colon Cancer

Colon cancer symptoms vary depending on the stage and location of the tumour. Common symptoms include:

• Changes in Bowel Habits: Ongoing constipation, diarrhea, or narrow stools lasting more than a few days.
• Blood in Stool: Bright red or dark-coloured blood may signal bleeding within the colon.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden weight loss without a proper reason could indicate an underlying health problem.
• Abdominal Pain and Cramping: Ongoing discomfort or cramps in the lower abdomen may signal a blockage or tumour.
• Fatigue and Weakness: Even with adequate rest, a constant lack of energy may be caused by anaemia from internal bleeding.

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer

Several factors may raise the risk of developing colon cancer. While some are genetic, others are related to lifestyle and health choices:

• Age: Colon cancer is more prevalent in individuals over 50, but cases in younger adults are on the rise.
• Family History: Having close relatives with a history of colon cancer or polyps raises the risk of developing the condition.
• Previous Polyps or Cancer: Individuals who have had benign polyps or cancer before are at higher risk of recurrence.
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic conditions like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease raise the likelihood of colon cancer.
• Obesity and Poor Diet: Excess body fat and a diet lacking in fibre but high in processed foods are associated with an increased cancer risk.
• Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: Long-term smoking and heavy alcohol intake can increase colon cancer risk.

Diagnosis of Colon Cancer

Timely diagnosis is key to improving outcomes. Healthcare providers use a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to identify colon cancer:

• Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to check for polyps or tumours. Any suspicious growths can be removed during the procedure.
• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): A stool sample is examined for hidden blood, which can indicate colon cancer.
• CT Colonography: A CT scan creates detailed images of the colon and rectum, helping detect irregularities.
• Biopsy: A sample of tissue from a suspicious growth is examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment Options for Colon Cancer

The treatment depends on the cancer stage, location, and the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery:
• Polypectomy: Removal of cancerous polyps during a colonoscopy.
• Partial Colectomy: Removal of the cancerous section of the colon, with the remaining parts reconnected.
• Total Colectomy / Total Proctocolectomy: For patients with long standing inflammatory bowel disease with cancer or with familial Polyposis Coli
• Chemotherapy:
• Drugs kill cancer cells or shrink tumours before surgery.
• Radiation Therapy:
• High-energy beams are directed at the tumour site to destroy cancer cells and reduce tumour size.
• Targeted Therapy:
• Medications target specific proteins in cancer cells, slowing their growth and spread.
• Immunotherapy:
• Boosts the immune system’s ability to recognize and fight cancer cells.

Prevention Strategies for Colon Cancer

While colon cancer cannot always be prevented, specific lifestyle changes can help lower the risk:

• Regular Screenings: Screening is typically recommended every 10 years starting at age 45. Individuals with a family history or other risk factors may need earlier and more frequent screenings.
• Healthy Diet: Consume more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting red and processed meats.
• Physical Activity: Try to exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
• Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol: Giving up smoking and cutting back on alcohol can enhance overall health.
• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is linked to higher colon cancer rates, so maintaining a balanced weight is essential.

Conclusion

The rise in colon cancer cases highlights the importance of awareness, early detection, and healthy lifestyle choices. Knowing the causes, symptoms, and risk factors helps individuals take proactive measures for prevention and timely treatment. Routine screenings, healthy eating, and staying active can lower the risk of developing colon cancer and enhance overall health.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can colon cancer develop in young adults?

Yes, although colon cancer is more common in older adults, cases among younger individuals are rising due to lifestyle and genetic factors.

Is colon cancer hereditary?

Yes, having a family history of colon cancer or polyps increases the risk. Genetic testing and counselling may be helpful for high-risk individuals.

How often should I get screened for colon cancer?

Screening is typically recommended every 10 years starting at age 45. Individuals with a family history or other risk factors may need earlier and more frequent screenings.

What are the early warning signs of colon cancer?

Initial symptoms may involve blood in the stool, altered bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, and persistent fatigue. Regular screening is key to early detection.

Can diet impact colon cancer risk?

Yes, a diet rich in fibre, fruits, and vegetables while limiting processed and red meats can help lower the risk of colon cancer.