World Diabetes Day 2024: Working Towards a Diabetes-Free Future

According to WHO, about 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the disorder accounts for approximately 1.5 million deaths each year. What’s even more concerning is that the cases of diabetes affecting children below the age of 18 years , have been increasing over the past few decades, pointing towards a pressing need for increasing awareness about this disorder. This need led to the foundation of World Diabetes Day.

What is World Diabetes Day?

World Diabetes Day (WDD) is a global health campaign observed every year on November 14th, to increase awareness about diabetes, and its impact, management, and prevention. Initiated in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), WDD aims to educate people about diabetes risk factors, promote healthy lifestyle changes, and advocate for easy access to healthcare. The date was chosen to honour the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin in 1921, a life-saving treatment for diabetes. In short, by focusing global attention on diabetes, WDD aims to reduce stigma around the disease, encourage early diagnosis, and promote a healthier future.

The Theme of World Diabetes Day 2024

The theme for World Diabetes Day 2024-2026 is "Diabetes and Well-being," which highlights the importance of having a holistic approach to managing diabetes. This campaign aims to highlight three key aspects of well-being related to diabetes:

1. Physical Well-being: Emphasising the importance of physical activity and a balanced diet in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and managing all types of diabetes and their complications.
2. Societal Well-being: Addressing the barriers that prevent individuals with diabetes from living healthy and fulfilling lives.
3. Mental Well-being: Raising awareness of the mental health challenges faced by those living with diabetes, including stress and anxiety, and integrating mental health support into diabetes management plans.

Through these focal points, World Diabetes Day aims to urge individuals, doctors, and policymakers to prioritise holistic well-being alongside traditional medical treatment. In addition to the theme, the “blue circle” related to WDD serves as a visual reminder of the global impact of diabetes and the need for collective action to improve the lives of those living with this disorder.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to maintain a healthy blood sugar level, which typically results from defects in insulin production or action, or both. Insulin is a naturally-occurring hormone produced by the pancreas, which allows the body to use sugar (glucose) for energy. In diabetes, insufficient insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively leads to an accumulation of glucose in the blood, which, over time, can cause significant damage to various organs and systems, including the heart, kidneys, nerves, and eyes.

What are the Types of Diabetes?

There are several types of diabetes, each with distinct causes and characteristics:

Type-1 Diabetes

Type-1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in little to no insulin production, requiring individuals to take insulin daily. While this type of diabetes often develops in childhood or adolescence, it can appear in adults as well.

Type-2 Diabetes

Type-2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, where the body either resists the effects of insulin or doesn’t produce enough to maintain normal glucose levels. It is often linked to lifestyle factors like diet, obesity, and physical inactivity and tends to develop in adults, though it is increasingly seen in younger populations.

Gestational Diabetes

This is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. It occurs when pregnancy-related hormones make the body less responsive to insulin, causing blood sugar levels to rise. While it usually resolves after delivery, it increases the risk of type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and child.

Prediabetes

Although not classified as diabetes, prediabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes. It indicates a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and may be reversible with lifestyle changes.

What are the Warning Signs & Symptoms of Diabetes?

Diabetes often presents with warning signs that vary in intensity and duration. The key symptoms to look for include:

• Frequent Urination (Polyuria): High blood sugar levels cause the kidneys to filter excess glucose, leading to frequent trips to the bathroom, especially at night.
• Excessive Thirst (Polydipsia): As the body loses fluids through frequent urination, it triggers thirst to replenish lost fluids.
• Extreme Hunger (Polyphagia): Despite eating, individuals may feel constantly hungry as the body struggles to convert glucose into energy.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Despite increased appetite, weight loss can occur due to the body breaking down muscle and fat for energy in the absence of sufficient insulin.
• Fatigue: High blood sugar levels can leave individuals feeling constantly tired and sluggish.
• Blurred Vision: Elevated glucose levels can cause fluid shifts in the lenses of the eyes, leading to blurred vision.
• Slow Healing of Wounds and Frequent Infections: Diabetes can impair immune function and blood flow, causing wounds to heal slowly and infections (e.g., skin, gum, or urinary tract infections) to occur more frequently.
• Tingling or Numbness: High blood sugar can damage nerves, especially in the hands and feet, causing tingling, numbness, or a burning sensation.

If these symptoms are persistent or worsen, it’s crucial to consult a doctor for screening and diagnosis as early detection can prevent serious complications.

What are the Causes of Diabetes?

Diabetes is influenced by a variety of factors that can lead to its development. The causes can differ depending on the type of diabetes:

Type-1 Diabetes:

• Autoimmune Reaction: While the exact cause of Type 1 is not fully understood, it involves an autoimmune response where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
• Genetic Factors: Family history and certain genetic markers may also increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Type-2 Diabetes:

• Insulin Resistance: The body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, making it difficult for glucose to enter cells.
• Insulin Deficiency: Over time, the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels leading to type 2 diabetes.
• Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, is a significant risk factor as it contributes to insulin resistance.
• Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by contributing to obesity and poor metabolic health.
• Unhealthy Diet: Diets high in processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance.
• Age: The risk for diabetes increases with age, particularly after 45, due to hormonal changes and the lack of enough physical activity.

Gestational Diabetes:

• Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy hormones can interfere with insulin action, leading to increased blood glucose levels.
• Overweight: Being overweight before pregnancy can increase the risk.
• Family History: A family history of diabetes can also elevate the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

Other Factors:

• Genetics: A family history of diabetes can increase the risk for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
• Certain Medical Conditions: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), high blood pressure, and high cholesterol can elevate diabetes risk.
• Medications: Some medications can impact insulin sensitivity or glucose metabolism, contributing to diabetes.

How does diabetes affect a person's life?

Diabetes can significantly impact a person's life in various ways, both physically and emotionally. Here are some key aspects of how it can affect individuals:

• Daily Monitoring: People with diabetes must monitor their blood sugar levels regularly, which can be tedious and requires commitment. This often involves using a glucose metre or continuous glucose monitor, adjusting dietary intake, and managing medication schedules.
• Dietary Changes: Managing diabetes typically requires adopting a balanced diet tailored to maintain stable blood sugar levels. Individuals may need to limit sugar, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats while increasing their intake of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. This shift can affect social gatherings and eating habits.
• Physical Activity: Regular exercise is crucial for managing blood sugar levels and overall health. However, individuals may need to plan their activities around their blood glucose readings and adjust food intake accordingly, which can add complexity to their daily routine.
• Emotional and Mental Health: Living with diabetes can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, or stress. The constant management of the condition and the fear of complications can weigh heavily on individuals, affecting their mental well-being.
• Health Complications: If not well-managed, diabetes can lead to serious long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, nerve damage (neuropathy), eye problems (retinopathy), and an increased risk of infections. The fear of these complications can be a constant source of worry.
• Social and Economic Impact: Diabetes can affect a person's ability to work and participate in social activities. Some may experience stigma or misunderstanding from others about their condition, which can lead to social isolation. Additionally, managing diabetes may involve significant healthcare costs, including medications, supplies, and regular check-ups.
• Hospital Visits: Individuals with diabetes typically require regular medical check-ups, including eye exams, foot assessments, and blood tests to monitor their condition and screen for complications. This ongoing need for healthcare can be time-consuming and costly.
• Lifestyle Adaptations: People with diabetes often need to make lifestyle adjustments, including stress management techniques, regular health monitoring, and setting priorities to ensure their condition is well-managed.

Overall, diabetes affects not just physical health but also emotional, social, and economic aspects of life, necessitating a holistic approach to management and support.

How Can You Prevent Diabetes?

Preventing diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, often involves lifestyle changes that promote overall health. Here are key strategies for prevention:

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Even modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight) can have a positive impact on blood sugar levels.

Adopt a Balanced Diet:

• Choose Whole Foods: Focus on whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, fruits, and vegetables while limiting processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats.
• Watch Portion Sizes: Be mindful of portion sizes to help control calorie intake and manage weight.
• Limit Sugary Beverages: Reducing consumption of sugary drinks, including sodas and sweetened juices, can lower diabetes risk.

Stay Physically Active

Regular physical activity helps control weight, lowers blood sugar levels, and improves insulin sensitivity. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (such as brisk walking) each week, along with strength training exercises at least twice a week.

Monitor Blood Sugar Levels

For those at higher risk, regular blood sugar monitoring can help catch any abnormalities early, allowing for timely intervention.

Avoid Smoking

Smoking is linked to an increased risk of diabetes and other chronic diseases. Quitting smoking can improve overall health and reduce the risk of diabetes.

Limit Alcohol Intake

If consumed, alcohol should be done in moderation, as excessive intake can lead to weight gain and negatively affect blood sugar control.

Get Regular Health Check-ups

Routine screenings for blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol can help identify any risk factors early and allow for proactive management.

Manage Stress

Chronic stress can affect blood sugar levels. Practising stress-reducing techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises can contribute to better overall health.

Prioritise Sleep

Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night. Poor sleep can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance.

Educate Yourself

Understanding diabetes risk factors and prevention strategies can empower individuals to make healthier choices.

When to See a Doctor?

It's important to see a doctor if you experience any of the following signs or circumstances related to diabetes:

Symptoms of Diabetes

If you notice any symptoms such as frequent urination, excessive thirst, extreme hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of wounds, or tingling and numbness in the hands and feet, you should consult a healthcare provider.

Family History

If you have a family history of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, you should consider getting screened, particularly if you have additional risk factors such as obesity or hypertension.

Obesity or Overweight

If you are overweight or obese, especially with a waist circumference greater than 35 inches for women or 40 inches for men, it's advisable to discuss your risk of diabetes with a doctor.

Age Considerations

Individuals over 45 should get screened for diabetes, particularly if they have other risk factors. If you are younger than 45 but overweight or have risk factors, you should consider getting tested.

Gestational Diabetes History

If you had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, it's essential to follow up with your doctor after childbirth, as you are at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Routine Health Check-ups

Regular health check-ups can help monitor your blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol. If any tests show abnormal results, further evaluation may be necessary.

Managing Existing Diabetes

If you are already diagnosed with diabetes and experience significant changes in your blood sugar levels, symptoms, or overall health, you should consult your doctor for guidance on management.

Complications

If you experience any complications related to diabetes, such as persistent infections, slow healing of wounds, vision changes, or pain in your feet, seek medical attention promptly.

Conclusion

World Diabetes Day 2024 serves as a crucial reminder of the rising prevalence of diabetes and the multifaceted impact it has on individuals' lives. By fostering awareness and providing comprehensive support, we can empower those living with diabetes to lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. As we strive to combat this global health challenge, Max Hospitals is committed to offering advanced diabetes care and education. Whether you're seeking preventive measures, management strategies, or support in navigating the complexities of diabetes, the team of specialists at Max Hospitals is here to help.