Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: What It Is and Tips to Stay Safe

In recent years, especially post the COVID pandemic, most of us have become more aware of how infections spread and how to stay protected. Yet, there remains a lesser-known but potentially serious threat that deserves our attention—Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Caused by infection with hantaviruses found in rodents, this rare respiratory condition can progress from flu-like symptoms to life-threatening complications quite quickly, making awareness and prevention vital for those living in or visiting affected regions. In this blog, we’ll take a closer look at Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, covering what it is, how it spreads, and ways to protect yourself from this uncommon but serious health concern.

What Is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a rare but serious lung condition caused by infection with certain types of hantaviruses. These viruses are typically carried by rodents, especially wild ones like deer mice, and can spread to humans through exposure to infected droppings, urine, or saliva. People usually become infected when they breathe in tiny virus particles released into the air—often during activities like cleaning sheds, cabins, or storage areas where rodents have been.

Once inside the body, the virus can cause inflammation in the lungs, leading to fluid build-up and difficulty breathing. HPS is not contagious between people in most settings, and human-to-human transmission is extremely rare. Although uncommon, the illness can become severe quite quickly, which is why early recognition and medical attention are important.

How Does HPS Spread?

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome spreads when a person breathes in virus particles released into the air from rodent droppings, urine, or saliva. This often happens during tasks like cleaning enclosed or undisturbed areas where rodents may have been active. The virus can also enter through broken skin or by touching the mouth or nose after handling contaminated materials.

Unlike many other respiratory illnesses, HPS does not usually spread from person to person. In most cases, the source of infection is direct or indirect contact with infected rodents or their environment. Those spending time in rural or outdoor settings, especially in rodent-prone areas, should take extra care during activities like cleaning, camping, or handling firewood.

What Are the Symptoms of HPS?

The symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome usually appear between 1 to 5 weeks after a person has been exposed to the virus. The illness tends to develop in two stages.

In the early stage, the symptoms can easily be mistaken for common viral infections. People may experience:

- Fever and chills

- Muscle aches, particularly in the back, hips, thighs, and shoulders

- Headache

- Tiredness or general weakness

- Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain

- Dizziness or light-headedness

These symptoms can last for around 3 to 5 days. During this time, some people may also notice a dry cough or mild shortness of breath, but the more serious lung symptoms usually develop a little later.

In the second stage, the condition worsens rapidly as the lungs begin to fill with fluid, making it difficult to breathe. This phase is marked by:

- Sudden shortness of breath

- Tightness or pain in the chest

- A persistent, sometimes worsening cough

- Rapid breathing and a fast heart rate

- In some cases, low blood pressure or shock

This later stage is when HPS becomes life-threatening and needs urgent hospital care. Because the early signs are so general, it’s important to stay alert, especially if there’s been any recent exposure to areas where rodents might be present.

How Does HPS Affect the Lungs?

As Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome progresses, the lungs become the main area of concern. After the initial flu-like symptoms, the virus can trigger a strong reaction in the body’s immune system. This response causes the small blood vessels in the lungs to leak fluid into the air spaces, making it increasingly difficult to breathe.

This build-up of fluid, known as pulmonary oedema, reduces the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. As a result, a person may feel breathless, even at rest, and may experience tightness in the chest or a worsening cough. In some cases, the oxygen levels in the blood drop significantly, which can put added strain on the heart and lead to low blood pressure or organ failure.

How Is HPS Diagnosed?

Diagnosing Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome can be difficult in its early stages, as the symptoms often resemble those of the flu or other respiratory infections. Doctors rely on a combination of patient history, physical signs, lab tests, and imaging studies to confirm the condition and assess its severity.

Medical history and symptom discussion

The first step involves understanding the patient’s recent activities and possible exposure to rodents. Doctors may ask about time spent in rural or wooded areas, old buildings, sheds, or anywhere rodent droppings, urine, or nesting materials might be present. If someone has flu-like symptoms after such exposure, HPS may be considered.

Physical examination

A clinical examination helps identify key signs, such as fever, fast breathing or heart rate, low blood pressure, and abnormal chest sounds. These may point to early lung involvement or cardiovascular stress.

Blood Tests

Blood tests play a key role in confirming hantavirus infection:

- Antibody testing (serology): Detects the immune system’s response to the virus

- PCR testing: Identifies the virus’s genetic material in the blood

- Full blood count: May show a drop in platelet levels (thrombocytopaenia)

- Liver and kidney function tests: Help assess how the infection is affecting the body

Imaging tests

To check for fluid build-up in the lungs, doctors may recommend:

- Chest X-ray: Commonly used to detect pulmonary oedema

- CT scan: Sometimes used for a more detailed view of the lungs

How is HPS Treated?

There is no specific antiviral medication or vaccine currently available for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Because of this, treatment focuses entirely on supportive care, aimed at managing symptoms, stabilising vital functions, and preventing complications.

Hospital admission and observation

Anyone suspected of having HPS should be admitted to hospital as soon as possible—even if symptoms seem mild at first. Close monitoring helps doctors detect early signs of respiratory distress or cardiovascular instability.

Once admitted, patients are regularly checked for:

- Oxygen saturation levels

- Blood pressure and heart rate

- Fluid balance and kidney function

- Changes in breathing pattern or chest sounds

Oxygen and respiratory support

As HPS progresses, fluid may start to build up in the lungs, making breathing difficult. To address this, doctors may begin with:

- Supplemental oxygen: Through a face mask or nasal cannula to maintain oxygen levels

- Non-invasive ventilation: Such as CPAP or BiPAP in moderate case.

-Mechanical ventilation: In severe cases where patients can no longer breathe effectively on their own, a ventilator may be used to support lung function

Intravenous fluids and medication

Because HPS can lead to low blood pressure and shock, fluids are given through a drip to maintain circulation. Care must be taken to avoid fluid overload, which can worsen lung symptoms. Medications may be used to:

- Manage fever and pain

- Support blood pressure (vasopressors, if needed)

- Treat secondary infections, if present

Intensive care for severe cases

If the condition progresses to a critical stage, patients are moved to the intensive care unit (ICU). Here, they can receive:

- Continuous cardiac and respiratory monitoring

- High-level breathing support, including advanced ventilator settings

- Treatment for complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low oxygen levels, or shock

- Organ support, if the kidneys or other organs begin to struggle

Tips to Lower the Risk of HPS

Preventing Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome starts with limiting exposure to infected rodents and their droppings. These tips can help reduce your risk, particularly in rural or forested areas where cases are more likely.

Tip 1: Keep your living spaces rodent-free

Seal small openings in walls, doors, and windows to stop rodents from entering your home. Store food in containers with tight-fitting lids, and clear away rubbish or clutter that could attract nesting.

Tip 2: Clean enclosed spaces safely

When opening up sheds, garages, or cabins that have been closed for a while, ventilate the area before entering. Avoid sweeping or vacuuming rodent droppings, as this can release particles into the air. Instead, use a damp cloth and disinfectant to clean surfaces.

Tip 3: Take care during outdoor activities

If you’re camping or hiking, avoid sleeping directly on bare ground and keep food stored away from where you sleep. Tents with sealed floors and zips offer better protection against rodent entry.

Tip 4: Handle rodent waste with caution

Use gloves when dealing with dead rodents or cleaning up droppings. Spray the area with disinfectant before touching anything, and wash your hands thoroughly after disposing of waste.

Tip 5: Stay alert in high-risk areas

In places where hantavirus cases have been reported, pay attention to local health advice. Being aware of the risk and taking basic precautions can go a long way in keeping you safe.

Tip 6: Use proper storage in cabins or holiday homes

If you’re staying in a cabin or holiday rental, especially in rural settings, check for signs of rodent activity before settling in. Store all food securely, clean surfaces before use, and avoid sleeping near areas that seem infested.

Consult Today

If you or a loved one have developed persistent flu-like symptoms after potential exposure to rodent-infested areas, it’s important not to ignore the possibility of a more serious condition like Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. At Max Hospital, our team of infectious disease specialists is equipped to assess such symptoms with care and urgency. They work closely with pulmonologists to manage respiratory complications linked to conditions like HPS. If you’re unsure about what steps to take next, or simply need guidance following recent exposure, book a consultation with a specialist at Max Hospital today.