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What is Hepatitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Types

By Dr. G S Sidhu in Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy

Jul 29 , 2024 | 1 min read

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver and is generally caused by viral infections. There are five types of hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E, each with distinct causes and symptoms.

Hepatitis A (HAV) typically spreads through consuming contaminated food or water. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and jaundice. It is usually acute and does not lead to chronic liver disease.
Hepatitis B (HBV) can be transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. It is spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Symptoms often resemble those of HAV but can also include joint pain and dark urine. HBV can become chronic, leading to serious conditions like cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis C (HCV) primarily spreads through blood-to-blood contact. Common routes of transmission include sharing needles and, less commonly, through sexual contact or childbirth. HCV is often asymptomatic in its early stages, but chronic infection can result in severe liver damage over time, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis D (HDV) only occurs in individuals already infected with HBV. It spreads through contact with infectious blood. Symptoms and outcomes are similar to HBV, but the co-infection with HDV can lead to more severe disease progression.
Hepatitis E (HEV) is usually transmitted through consuming contaminated water. It is similar to HAV in its mode of transmission and symptoms, including jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain. HEV is typically acute but can be severe in pregnant women.

Understanding the types, causes, and symptoms of hepatitis is crucial for prevention and early treatment. Vaccines are available for HAV and HBV, while safe practices and proper sanitation can help prevent HEV. Regular screening and avoiding risky behaviours are key in managing and preventing HCV and HDV.