Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Treatment, Symptoms, And Effects On Children And Adults

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), part of the Pneumoviridae family, is a respiratory virus that causes illnesses ranging from mild colds to severe lung infections such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Though less recognised than the flu or Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), HMPV is a significant cause of respiratory illnesses worldwide, particularly during winter and spring.

The virus poses a significant risk, particularly to vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. This virus can cause significant difficulties for them, so raising awareness and taking preventive steps is important.

High-Risk Groups For HMPV

• Young Children: Infants and toddlers are especially vulnerable to serious respiratory conditions, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
• Older Adults: Individuals aged 65 or above, as well as those with chronic health concerns such as asthma or COPD, are more likely to have complications.
• Pregnant Women: HMPV during pregnancy can result in respiratory issues, which may endanger both the mother’s and the baby’s health.
• Immunocompromised Individuals: Those with weakened immune systems, whether due to medical conditions or treatments like chemotherapy, are at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms.

Recent Outbreaks In China

A recent outbreak of HMPV in China has highlighted the potential severity of this virus, particularly among vulnerable groups. The majority of the infections occurred in children under the age of 14, with numerous cases requiring hospitalisation due to their severity. Symptoms ranged from persistent coughs and fevers to more critical conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

Its resemblance to other respiratory illnesses complicates diagnosis and treatment. To curb its spread, health authorities in China emphasised preventive measures like handwashing, mask-wearing, and early testing. 

What Are The Common Symptoms Of HMPV In Adults And Children?

Symptoms In Adults

HMPV symptoms in adults often resemble those of a common cold or flu. They include:

• Persistent cough, often accompanied by mucus production.
• Nasal congestion or runny nose.
• Fever, typically mild to moderate.
• Fatigue and general body aches.
• Sore throat.
• Shortness of breath in severe cases.

Symptoms In Children

Children are more likely to experience severe symptoms, including:

• Breathlessness
• Wheezing and persistent cough
• High fever
• Poor feeding and dehydration, especially in infants

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV is highly contagious and spreads through various means:

• Respiratory Droplets: The virus can spread when someone who is infected coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing respiratory droplets into the air.
• Direct Contact: The virus can spread through physical contact with an infected person, especially if one touches their face, eyes or mouth.
• Surface Contamination: The virus can persist on surfaces, and touching contaminated objects such as doorknobs or mobile devices heightens the risk of infections.
• Airborne Particles: Small respiratory particles may remain suspended in the air, particularly in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces.

Diagnosis: How Is HMPV Detected?

HMPV symptoms resemble those of other respiratory infections, making a precise diagnosis dependent on specific laboratory tests.

• HMPV PCR Test: This molecular test detects the virus's genetic material with high accuracy and is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing HMPV.
• Rapid Antigen Tests: These provide quicker results but are less sensitive compared to PCR tests.
• Bronchoscopy: To look for changes in the airways of the lungs.

Complications Associated With HMPV

Most people recover from HMPV in about 7 to 10 days without any complications. However, certain groups face a higher risk of severe complications:

• Pneumonia: HMPV can cause viral pneumonia, requiring hospitalisation and intensive care in severe cases.
• Bronchiolitis: Infants and young children often experience inflammation and blockage of airways, leading to difficulty breathing and wheezing.
• Exacerbation of Chronic Conditions: HMPV can worsen existing respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Secondary Bacterial Infections: These infections, such as bacterial pneumonia, may develop as complications due to a weakened immune system.
• Pregnancy Complications: Respiratory issues caused by HMPV during pregnancy can lead to maternal and foetal health risks.

HMPV Treatment Options

HMPV does not have a specific antiviral medication. Treatment primarily aims at managing symptoms and preventing complications.

• Rest and Hydration: Essential for recovery and maintaining strength.
• Over-the-counter Medications: Medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can manage fever and body aches.
• Oxygen Therapy: In severe cases, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be required.
• Hospitalisation: Patients with complications, such as pneumonia, may need close monitoring in a hospital setting.

How Can You Prevent HMPV?

To prevent HMPV, it is important to focus on preventive measures since no vaccine is currently available. To minimise the risk of infection, follow these measures:

Practice Good Hygiene

• Wash your hands off with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitisers when soap and water are unavailable.

Avoid Close Contact

• Stay away from individuals who show symptoms of respiratory illness.
• Avoid crowded areas during outbreaks.

Disinfect Surfaces

• Make sure to regularly clean surfaces frequently touched, such as doorknobs, phones, and countertops.

Wear Masks

• Wearing masks during outbreaks or flu season can help reduce exposure to respiratory droplets.

Isolate When Sick

• If you have any symptoms, it is important to stay at home to stop the spread of the virus.

Conclusion

Being aware of HMPV and its possible impact is important for early detection and prevention. Knowing the symptoms and practisin

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How is HMPV different from other respiratory viruses like RSV or the flu?

HMPV is similar to RSV, as both can lead to severe conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in children. However, unlike RSV, HMPV also significantly impacts older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. Additionally, unlike the flu, there is currently no vaccine or targeted treatment for HMPV, making prevention important.

Similar to RSV and the flu, HMPV typically increases during late winter and early spring.

2. When should I get tested for HMPV?

Testing is recommended if you:

• Experience severe respiratory symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or persistent fever.
• Belong to a high-risk group (e.g., young children, the elderly, pregnant women, or individuals with a weakened immune system).
• Have been in contact with someone diagnosed with HMPV during an outbreak.

3. Can HMPV last for weeks or months?

Symptoms of HMPV usually resolve within a week or two. However, in severe cases or for individuals at high risk, complications like pneumonia may lead to an extended recovery period, which can last several weeks or even months.

4. Can antibiotics be used to treat HMPV?

No, antibiotics are not effective against HMPV since it is a viral infection. However, if a bacterial infection develops as a complication, antibiotics may be prescribed.

5. What is the impact of HMPV on pregnant women?

Pregnant women with HMPV are at higher risk of respiratory complications, which can affect both maternal health and foetal development. Preventive measures, such as good hygiene and avoiding exposure to sick individuals, are especially important during pregnancy.

6. How does HMPV affect children?

HMPV is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. Symptoms like wheezing, difficulty breathing, high fever, and dehydration are common. Severe cases often require hospitalisation and oxygen support.

7. Can HMPV lead to long-term health issues?

While most individuals recover fully, severe cases, especially those with complications like pneumonia, may result in prolonged respiratory issues or worsen existing conditions such as asthma.

8. Can you get HMPV more than once?

Yes, immunity after HMPV infection is not long-lasting, and reinfections can occur, particularly as the virus mutates.

9. Where did HMPV come from?

HMPV is believed to have originated in birds before adapting to infect humans. Genetic studies indicate it likely circulated among humans for decades before its identification in 2001.

10. Can HMPV cause vomiting, diarrhoea, or ear infections?

Vomiting and diarrhoea are not typical symptoms of HMPV but may occur in children due to severe respiratory distress. Secondary bacterial infections, such as ear infections, can develop as complications.