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By Dr. Kamna Nagpal in Obstetrics And Gynaecology
Jan 10 , 2025 | 9 min read
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widespread viral infections worldwide, with a significant portion of the population exposed to it at some point in their lives. According to global health studies, nearly 80% of sexually active individuals contract HPV at least once during their lifetime. In India, the prevalence of HPV is particularly notable among women, with certain high-risk types being a leading cause of cervical cancer. Even though HPV infections are highly prevalent, there is still a lack of awareness about it and its potential impact on health. In this article, we will provide a detailed insight into HPV, focusing on its impact, testing, diagnosis, and preventive measures. Let’s start with understanding the culprit.
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes of the body. It is one of the most common viral infections globally, affecting both men and women. While most HPV infections clear up on their own without causing harm, some types can lead to visible symptoms such as warts or, in rare cases, more serious health issues if left untreated. Understanding HPV is crucial for managing its health impact effectively.
Types of HPV: Low-Risk and High-Risk Strains
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is classified into over 200 strains, broadly divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their health impacts. Understanding these categories is crucial for identifying potential risks and taking preventive measures.
1. Low-Risk HPV Strains
Low-risk HPV strains are types of the virus that generally do not cause cancer but can lead to other non-serious conditions. These include common warts on the hands and fingers, plantar warts on the soles of the feet, and genital warts. Genital warts, in particular, are caused by HPV types 6 and 11, which account for approximately 90% of all cases. While these conditions may be uncomfortable or bothersome, they are typically treatable and do not pose a significant threat to long-term health.
2. High-Risk HPV Strains
High-risk HPV strains are types of the virus that can potentially lead to serious health problems if infections persist for a long period. These strains are linked to abnormal cell changes, which may develop into cancers such as cervical, anal, throat, penile, and vulvar cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are the most common high-risk strains, responsible for the majority of HPV-related cancers, including over 70% of cervical cancer cases. Although these strains do not always cause immediate symptoms, regular screenings and early intervention are crucial for preventing complications.
Who Can Be Affected by HPV?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can affect anyone who is exposed to the virus. It is not limited to a specific gender, age group, or demographic, making it one of the most widespread infections globally. However, HPV is species-specific and cannot be transmitted between humans and animals, ensuring no risk of transfer to or from pets.
HPV in Women
- Women are more susceptible to certain high-risk HPV types, which are a leading cause of cervical cancer.
- HPV can also cause vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers, as well as genital warts.
HPV in Men
- Men can develop HPV-related conditions such as genital warts and anal cancer.
- In rare cases, HPV can lead to penile cancer or throat cancer through oral transmission.
Symptoms of HPV
Most Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections do not cause noticeable symptoms and often resolve on their own. However, when symptoms do occur, they depend on the type of HPV and the area of the body affected:
Genital Warts
- Small, flesh-coloured or grey growths that may appear as clusters or individually in the genital or anal areas.
- These warts are often painless but can cause discomfort or itching.
Common Warts
- Rough, raised bumps that commonly appear on the hands, fingers, or elbows.
- These warts are usually harmless but can be unsightly or uncomfortable.
Plantar Warts
- Hard, grainy growths on the soles of the feet, often causing pain when walking or standing.
Flat Warts
- Small, flat-topped lesions that typically develop on the face, thighs, or arms.
- More common in children and young adults.
High-Risk HPV Symptoms
- High-risk HPV types often cause no immediate symptoms but can lead to abnormal cell changes, detectable through medical tests such as Pap smears or HPV screenings.
- Persistent infections may eventually result in cancers such as cervical, anal, or throat cancers if left untreated.
Causes of HPV
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is caused by direct exposure to the virus, which infects the skin or mucous membranes. Here are the primary ways HPV infections occur:
Skin-to-Skin Contact
- HPV spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
- Non-sexual transmission can occur through cuts or abrasions on the skin, allowing the virus to enter.
Sexual Transmission
- The most common cause of genital HPV infections is unprotected sexual activity.
- The virus can spread even if the infected individual shows no visible symptoms.
Mother-to-Child Transmission
- Pregnant women with HPV can pass the virus to their baby during childbirth, potentially causing respiratory papillomatosis in the infant.
Contaminated Surfaces
- In rare cases, HPV may be transmitted through contact with infected objects, such as towels or shared personal items, particularly if there are cuts on the skin.
Health Impacts of HPV
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to a range of health outcomes, varying by gender and the type of strain involved. Here’s a breakdown of the potential health impacts for women and men:
For Women
- Cervical Cancer: High-risk HPV strains, especially types 16 and 18, are the primary cause of cervical cancer.
- Genital Warts: Caused by low-risk HPV types, appearing as small, painless growths around the genital or anal area.
- Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers: Less common but can result from persistent infections with high-risk HPV.
- Respiratory Papillomatosis: Rarely, HPV can cause growths in the throat, affecting breathing or voice quality.
For Men
- Genital Warts: Low-risk HPV types can cause warts on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus.
- Anal and Penile Cancers: High-risk strains may lead to these cancers, though they are less common than cervical cancer.
- Throat Cancer: HPV can infect the oropharynx (back of the throat), potentially causing throat cancer, especially in cases of oral transmission.
Shared Risks
- Both men and women can be asymptomatic carriers of HPV, unknowingly transmitting the virus to others.
- HPV-related cancers in both sexes often have no symptoms in early stages, underscoring the importance of regular screenings and early detection.
HPV Testing and Diagnosis
Timely testing and diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are crucial for detecting infections, especially those caused by high-risk strains, and preventing potential complications. Here’s how HPV is typically tested and diagnosed:
For Women
- Pap Smear (Cervical Screening Test)
- A routine test that collects cells from the cervix to detect abnormal changes caused by HPV.
- Recommended for women aged 21 and above, depending on medical guidelines.
- HPV DNA Test
- Identifies the presence of high-risk HPV strains by analysing cervical cells.
- Often performed alongside a Pap smear for women over 30 or when abnormalities are detected in a Pap test.
For Men
- Visual Inspection
- Warts or lesions in the genital area can be visually examined by a healthcare provider to determine if they are caused by HPV.
- Anal Pap Test
- Used for high-risk individuals, such as men who have sex with men, to detect abnormal cells in the anal region.
- HPV DNA Test for Men
- Though less commonly performed, this test can identify HPV strains in specific cases, especially for research or high-risk groups.
When to Seek Testing
- Women should undergo routine cervical screening as recommended by their doctor.
- Men and women experiencing genital warts, unusual lesions, or symptoms should consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.
HPV Vaccines and Prevention
Preventing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is key to reducing the risk of HPV-related diseases, including certain cancers and genital warts. Vaccination and other preventive measures play a vital role in protecting against the virus.
HPV Vaccines
HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective at preventing infections caused by the targeted HPV types, especially when administered before the onset of sexual activity. These vaccines protect against the most common high-risk strains (types 16 and 18) and some low-risk types (such as 6 and 11).Though vaccination is recommended for preteens (ages 11–12; before exposure to the virus), it can be given up to age 26 or even later in some cases. Vaccines are effective for both males and females.
Other Prevention Strategies
- Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms and dental dams during sexual activity to reduce the risk of HPV transmission. In addition, limit the number of sexual partners to minimise exposure.
- Get Regular Screenings: Routine Pap smears and HPV tests for women help in early detection of precancerous changes. High-risk groups, including men who have sex with men, should discuss screening options with a healthcare provider.
- Maintain Good Hygiene: Avoid sharing personal items such as razors or towels that might come into contact with infected skin.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of HPV-related complications, such as cervical cancer.
- Educate and Communicate: Discuss vaccination and prevention with healthcare providers and partners to ensure informed decisions.
By combining vaccination with safe practices and regular screenings, individuals can significantly lower their risk of HPV infection and its potential health impacts.
Living with HPV: Coping and Support
Being diagnosed with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can feel overwhelming, but with the right approach, it’s possible to manage the condition effectively and live a healthy life. Here are strategies to cope with HPV and seek support:
- Educate Yourself: Understand the type of HPV you have and its implications. Knowledge reduces fear and helps you make informed decisions about treatment and lifestyle adjustments.
- Follow Your Healthcare Plan: Stay consistent with follow-up appointments, screenings, or treatments as recommended by your doctor. Early detection of changes can prevent complications.
- Practise Open Communication: Discuss your diagnosis with your partner(s) to ensure mutual understanding and take preventive steps together.
- Manage Emotional Health: Seek counselling or join support groups to address any feelings of anxiety, guilt, or stigma associated with HPV. in addition, talking to others who share similar experiences can be reassuring and empowering.
- Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle: Strengthen your immune system with a balanced diet, regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and stress management. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as they can worsen HPV-related complications.
- Use Protection: Practise safe sex by using condoms or dental dams, even if you have HPV, to reduce the risk of spreading the virus.
- Stay Positive: Remember, most HPV infections resolve naturally without causing harm. Even in cases of high-risk HPV, medical advances in treatment and monitoring can significantly reduce complications.
Conclusion
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common infection, but with awareness, regular screenings, and vaccination, its risks can be effectively managed. Early detection is key to preventing serious complications such as cervical and throat cancers. Whether you need guidance on HPV testing, vaccination, or personalised care, the expert gynaecologists and healthcare specialists at Max Hospitals are here to help. Schedule an appointment today to take charge of your health and receive comprehensive care tailored to your needs.
Frequently Asked Questions About Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Q1. Are all warts HPV?
No, but most warts are caused by specific strains of HPV.
Q. How is HPV related to cervical cancer?
High-risk HPV types, especially 16 and 18, can cause abnormal cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer.
Q. Is HPV curable?
HPV itself cannot be cured, but its symptoms and related health conditions can be treated.
Q. Is HPV contagious for life?
HPV can remain dormant, but the virus may still be transmissible during active infections.
Q. How can I make sure I don't get or spread HPV?
Practise safe sex, get vaccinated, and avoid contact with infected areas.
Q. What is the primary prevention of HPV?
Vaccination is the primary method of preventing HPV and its associated complications.
Q. What are the clinical manifestations of HPV?
HPV can cause genital warts, common warts, plantar warts, and, in some cases, precancerous lesions or cancers.
Q. What is the HPV vaccine for?
The HPV vaccine protects against high-risk HPV strains that cause cancers and low-risk strains responsible for genital warts.
Q. Who should be given the HPV vaccine?
The vaccine is recommended for preteens (ages 11–12) and individuals up to age 26, and sometimes older, depending on circumstances.
Q. Is the HPV vaccine only for females?
No, the HPV vaccine is recommended for both males and females to prevent HPV-related diseases.

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