JN.1 Variant of COVID-19: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

In what appears to be a concerning development, the cases of COVID-19 have started to rise again in parts of India, with over 250 active cases reported so far. The recent increase has been linked to the spread of a new variant, JN.1, that has been reported in several states. Identified as a sub-lineage of the Omicron variant, JN.1 is currently being monitored by health authorities for any changes in how easily it spreads or the symptoms it causes. Most infections linked to this variant have been mild so far, but with new cases on the rise, there is growing public interest in understanding how this variant behaves and what precautions may be necessary. To help, in this blog, we explain what is currently known about JN.1, including its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the precautions that may help reduce the risk of infection. But first, let us understand what sets JN.1 apart from earlier variants.

What Makes JN.1 Different from Previous Variants?

The JN.1 variant is a new form of the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Like Omicron, it spreads easily, but the JN.1 variant has an extra mutation in its spike protein. The spike protein is the part of the virus that helps it attach to and enter human cells. This change might affect how the virus spreads or how it reacts to the immune system. Because of this mutation, scientists are watching JN.1 closely to understand if it spreads more easily or causes different symptoms compared to earlier variants like Omicron.

Is the JN.1 Variant More Contagious or Severe?

Initial reports suggest that JN.1 may spread more quickly than some earlier variants due to its unique mutation. This means it could infect more people in a shorter time. However, the number of severe cases linked to JN.1 remains low, with most infections being mild. 

What are the Common Symptoms of the JN.1 variant of COVID-19?

So far, most infections caused by the JN.1 variant have been mild. The symptoms are largely similar to those seen in previous Omicron sub-variants, but the exact pattern may vary from person to person

Common symptoms reported include:

• Fever – usually mild and short-lived
• Cough – dry or with slight phlegm
• Sore throat – often one of the early signs
• Runny or blocked nose – similar to a common cold
• Fatigue – general feeling of tiredness or weakness
• Headache – may range from mild to moderate
• Body or muscle aches – not always present but seen in some cases

Some patients have also reported gastrointestinal symptoms, such as:

• Diarrhoea
• Nausea

Loss of taste or smell, which was common in earlier variants, is less frequently reported in JN.1 case.

Severe symptoms like difficulty breathing or chest pain remain uncommon, but individuals with pre-existing health conditions or weakened immunity should be more cautious.

How is COVID -19 JN.1 Variant Diagnosed?

Diagnosing the JN.1 variant follows the same general process used for detecting other COVID-19 variants. The first step in diagnosis is to confirm a COVID-19 infection using standard tests:

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction)

This is the most widely used and reliable test. A sample is usually taken from the nose or throat using a swab. RT-PCR can detect the presence of the virus even in the early stages of infection.

RATs (Rapid Antigen Tests)

These tests provide results within 15 to 30 minutes and are commonly used for screening, especially in crowded settings. However, they may miss early or asymptomatic cases, which is why negative results may still require confirmation through RT-PCR.

What Treatment Options are Available?

There is currently no specific treatment designed for the JN.1 variant. However, the general approach to managing COVID-19 remains the same. Most cases linked to JN.1 have been mild and can be managed at home. Treatment mainly focuses on relieving symptoms, monitoring for any warning signs, and preventing the infection from worsening.

Treatment for Mild Cases

• Rest and Fluids: Most individuals with mild symptoms recover with enough rest and regular fluid intake. This helps the body fight the infection and prevents dehydration caused by fever or fatigue. Physical activity should be limited during recovery.

• Fever and Pain Medicines: For common symptoms such as body ache, headaches, and fever, doctors generally recommend paracetamol. Medication should be taken as advised by a healthcare provider, depending on the person’s age, health status, and symptom severity.

• Steam Inhalation and Gargles: For a blocked nose or sore throat, steam inhalation and warm saltwater gargles may offer some relief. These methods do not cure the infection but can reduce discomfort during recovery.

• Monitoring at Home:  Daily checks of body temperature and oxygen saturation are important. If oxygen levels drop below 94 percent or symptoms get worse, medical help should be sought immediately.

Treatment for Severe Cases

• Oxygen Therapy: In people whose oxygen levels fall below normal, oxygen therapy may be started. This could involve oxygen through nasal prongs or a face mask. In more serious cases, high-flow oxygen support may be required to maintain proper oxygen saturation.

• Antiviral Medicines: Doctors may prescribe antiviral drugs for moderate to high-risk patients. These are generally given in hospital settings and help reduce the virus’s ability to multiply in the body. They are not meant for routine use in all patients.

• Steroids: Steroids are used when there are signs of lung inflammation or low oxygen levels. They help reduce inflammation but are used carefully to avoid side effects and complications.

• Intravenous (IV) Fluids: In severe cases where a person is unable to drink fluids or shows signs of dehydration, IV fluids are given in a hospital. This supports hydration and helps maintain blood pressure and organ function.

• ICU Support: Patients who develop critical illness may need care in an intensive care unit. This includes continuous monitoring, respiratory support through ventilators, and treatment for any complications affecting the heart, kidneys, or other vital organs.

Do Currently-Available COVID-19 Vaccines Protect Against the JN.1 Variant?

Vaccines continue to play a crucial role in reducing the severity of COVID-19 infections, including those caused by new variants such as JN.1. Although the JN.1 variant has some mutations in its spike protein, evidence suggests that vaccines developed for earlier strains of the virus still offer significant protection against severe illness and hospitalisation.

Health experts emphasise that fully vaccinated individuals, especially those who have received booster doses, tend to have better immune responses. This means they are less likely to develop serious symptoms or require intensive treatment if infected with JN.1.

What Precautions Should You Take Amid Rising COVID-19 Cases?

With COVID-19 cases increasing in several parts of India, taking careful precautions remains essential to limit the spread of the virus. 

1. Wear Masks in Crowded Settings

Masks continue to be a key preventive measure, especially in crowded places such as markets, public transport, and indoor spaces with limited ventilation. Using a well-fitted mask reduces the chances of inhaling airborne virus particles, which is particularly important in enclosed areas where the virus can spread more easily.

2. Practice Good Hand Hygiene

Regular hand washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds helps remove viruses from the skin. If soap is unavailable, using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol is a good alternative. Avoid touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands, as this is a common way the virus enters the body.

3. Maintain Physical Distance

Keeping a safe distance from others, particularly in public places, reduces the risk of respiratory droplet transmission. Where possible, maintain at least one metre of space between yourself and others, especially if someone is coughing, sneezing, or feeling unwell.

4. Stay Home if Feeling Unwell

Anyone experiencing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, or fatigue should avoid going out. Staying home helps prevent the virus from spreading to family members, friends, or colleagues.

5. Improve Indoor Ventilation

Good airflow helps reduce the concentration of virus particles in the air. Opening windows and doors, using fans, or spending more time outdoors can improve ventilation. In offices and public buildings, ensuring proper air filtration systems are in place also helps lower transmission risk.

6. Monitor Symptoms and Get Tested

Being aware of common COVID-19 symptoms linked to the JN.1 variant, such as runny nose, sore throat, fever and headache, is vital. If symptoms develop, seek testing promptly to confirm infection. Early diagnosis enables timely treatment and helps limit spread.

7. Follow Official Health Advice and Updates

Regularly check updates from local and national health authorities. Follow guidelines on vaccination, travel, quarantine, and public gatherings. Staying informed about the evolving situation and recommended safety measures will help make better decisions.

Consult Today

As COVID-19 cases rise, staying informed and taking appropriate precautions is more important than ever. For anyone experiencing symptoms or seeking guidance related to COVID-19 or its new variant, JN.1, consulting with healthcare professionals is crucial. At Max Hospital, infectious disease specialists and respiratory care experts are available to provide thorough evaluation and support. Reaching out to our specialists can help address concerns promptly and ensure the best possible care during this time.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take to recover from the JN.1 variant of COVID-19?

Most people infected with the JN.1 variant tend to recover within 5 to 7 days, especially in mild cases. Recovery time may vary depending on age, existing health conditions, and how early treatment begins. Those with severe illness or underlying health concerns may take longer to fully recover.

Can someone get infected with JN.1 even after having COVID-19 before?

Yes. Previous infection may offer some level of protection, but it does not fully prevent reinfection. The JN.1 variant has changes in its spike protein, which may help it partly evade existing immunity from past infections.

How can I differentiate between flu and JN.1 symptoms?

Both the flu and JN.1 can cause fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. However, COVID-19 symptoms may also include loss of taste or smell, which is less common in the flu. Testing is the only reliable way to confirm the cause of symptoms.

Is JN.1 causing more hospitalisations?

So far, most reported cases of the JN.1 variant in India have been mild. There has not been a significant increase in hospital admissions linked to this variant. However, older adults and those with weak immunity may still face a higher risk of complications.

Are there any new travel restrictions or guidelines due to the JN.1 variant?

As of now, there are no major travel restrictions specific to the JN.1 variant in India. However, general COVID-19 precautions such as mask-wearing, hand hygiene, and staying home when unwell are strongly advised during travel.

Can JN.1 cause reinfection more frequently than previous variants?

Early findings suggest that the JN.1 variant may have a slightly higher chance of causing reinfection, especially in those who were infected a long time ago or have not received recent vaccine doses. Ongoing studies are looking into this more closely.

How often should high-risk individuals get tested during this resurgence?

People with conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, lung issues, or weakened immunity should consider testing at the first sign of symptoms. Routine testing may not be necessary if there are no symptoms, but early testing helps start treatment sooner if needed.