What is Kidney Failure: Symptoms, Causes and Types

Kidney dysfunction refers to a decline in the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood. This condition can range from mild impairment to complete kidney failure. When kidney function decreases, toxins and waste products build up in the body, leading to various health issues. Kidney dysfunction can be acute or chronic, with chronic kidney dysfunction often progressing gradually over time.

Types of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is classified into two main types:

• Acute Kidney Failure: This type occurs suddenly, often within days or weeks, and is usually caused by a sudden injury or illness that affects kidney function. With prompt treatment, acute kidney failure can often be reversed.
• Chronic Kidney Failure: This type develops slowly over months or years, also known as chronic kidney dysfunction or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Chronic kidney failure is typically the result of long-term conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or chronic infections.

Symptoms of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction) 

Recognising the symptoms of kidney dysfunction early can help prevent further damage. Common kidney failure symptoms include:

• Fatigue and weakness: Reduced kidney function leads to toxin buildup, which causes anaemia and makes one feel unusually tired and weak.
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, or hands (oedema): Poor kidney function results in fluid retention, causing swelling in extremities like ankles, feet, or hands.
• Shortness of breath: Fluid accumulation in the lungs due to kidney dysfunction can make breathing difficult, leading to shortness of breath.
• Nausea and vomiting: Toxin buildup in the blood can trigger gastrointestinal discomfort, leading to persistent nausea and frequent vomiting.
• Persistent itching: Toxin accumulation in the bloodstream can cause irritating skin sensations, leading to constant itching without rash.
• Changes in urination patterns: Kidney dysfunction can alter urination, including frequency, colour, and volume, reflecting reduced kidney filtering ability.
• Difficulty concentrating: Impaired kidney function can lead to electrolyte imbalances and anaemia, affecting brain function and concentration.
• Muscle cramps: Electrolyte imbalances, particularly calcium and potassium, caused by kidney dysfunction can lead to painful muscle cramps.
• High blood pressure that is difficult to control: Kidneys regulate blood pressure, and dysfunction can cause persistent, difficult-to-manage hypertension.

Causes of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

Several factors can lead to kidney dysfunction and, ultimately, kidney failure. Common causes include:

• Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys' filtering units over time.
• High blood pressure: Uncontrolled hypertension can weaken blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to function properly.
• Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli) can impair kidney function.
• Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder characterised by the growth of cysts in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure.
• Obstructed urinary tract: Conditions like kidney stones, tumours, or an enlarged prostate can block urine flow and damage the kidneys.
• Recurrent kidney infections: Frequent infections can cause scarring and kidney damage.

Risk Factors of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

Various risk factors may elevate the likelihood of experiencing kidney dysfunction.

• Age: Older adults are more prone to kidney dysfunction.
• Chronic conditions: Diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are significant risk factors.
• Family history: A family history of kidney disease may increase the risk.
• Obesity: Excess weight can contribute to developing conditions that cause kidney dysfunction.
• Smoking: Smoking can harm blood vessels and decrease blood circulation to the kidneys.
• Prolonged use of certain medications: Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other medications can harm the kidneys.

Diagnosis of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

Diagnosing renal failure involves several tests and evaluations:

• Blood tests: Tests such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measure waste products in the blood, which can indicate kidney dysfunction.
• Urine tests: Urinalysis and urine protein tests can reveal abnormalities in the urine that suggest kidney damage.
• Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to assess the size and structure of the kidneys.
• Kidney biopsy: In certain situations, a small piece of kidney tissue might be collected for analysis to identify the reason behind kidney problems.

Complications of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

If left untreated, kidney dysfunction can lead to severe complications, including:

• Cardiovascular disease: Kidney dysfunction increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
• Anaemia: Damaged kidney function can result in insufficient production of erythropoietin, consequently causing a reduction in the number of red blood cells.
• Bone disease: Kidney dysfunction can affect calcium and phosphate balance, leading to bone weakening.
• Electrolyte imbalances: Imbalances in sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes can cause various health problems.
• Fluid retention: Reduced kidney function can lead to fluid buildup, causing swelling and congestive heart failure.

Treatment of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

The root cause and the severity of the kidney determine the approach to treating kidney dysfunction:

• Medications: Medications are prescribed to control blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and cholesterol. Diuretics or phosphate binders may sometimes be used to manage symptoms.
• Dialysis: When kidney function drops to a critical level, dialysis may be required to filter waste products from the blood.
• Kidney transplant: In cases of end-stage renal failure, a kidney transplant may be the best option for restoring normal kidney function.
• Lifestyle changes: A healthy diet, regular exercise, and quitting smoking can help manage kidney dysfunction and slow its progression.

Prevention of Kidney Failure (Kidney Dysfunction)

Preventing kidney dysfunction involves managing risk factors and maintaining overall kidney health:

• Control blood pressure: Keeping blood pressure within a healthy range can reduce the risk of kidney damage.
• Manage blood sugar levels: For people with diabetes, maintaining blood sugar levels is crucial to preventing kidney dysfunction.
• Stay hydrated: Staying well-hydrated is essential for optimal kidney performance, as it aids in the elimination of toxins from the body.
• Avoid overuse of NSAIDs: It is important to restrict the use of NSAIDs and other medications that may negatively impact kidney function.
• Regular check-ups: Regular health check-ups can promote the early detection of kidney dysfunction, allowing for prompt and effective intervention.

When to See a Doctor?

If you notice any signs or symptoms of kidney issues, it's crucial to seek medical advice, particularly if you have risk factors such as diabetes or hypertension. Identifying and addressing issues early can prevent additional harm and enhance overall results.

Conclusion

Kidney dysfunction is a severe condition that requires prompt attention and management. Recognising the symptoms, root causes, and risk factors is crucial for implementing proactive strategies to protect your kidney health. If you suspect any issues with your kidney function, seek medical advice immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happens when your kidney function is low?

Low kidney function can lead to the buildup of waste products in the body, causing symptoms like fatigue, swelling, and shortness of breath. It may also result in complications such as heart disease and anaemia.

How to treat kidney problems?

Treatment for kidney problems includes medications, lifestyle changes, and, in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplants.

Can kidney dysfunction be cured?

While some causes of kidney dysfunction can be treated or managed, chronic kidney disease is usually not curable. However, its progression can be slowed with proper care.

Can you live with 15% kidney function?

Living with 15% kidney function is possible with dialysis or a kidney transplant. Medical management is essential to maintaining quality of life.

What is the first stage of a kidney problem?

The first stage of kidney dysfunction often involves mild kidney damage with normal or slightly decreased kidney function. It may not present noticeable symptoms but can be detected through blood and urine tests.