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Nipah Virus: Symptoms, Transmission, and Prevention Tips | Max Hospital

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What is Nipah Virus: Symptoms, Transmission and Prevention Tips

By Dr. Monica Mahajan in Internal Medicine

Jul 22 , 2024 | 4 min read

The Nipah virus, a zoonotic virus (meaning it transmits from animals to humans), has become a recurring public health concern in parts of Asia, particularly Bangladesh and India. Spread primarily by fruit bats, with pigs acting as intermediary hosts; this virus has caused outbreaks nearly every year since its first alarming appearance in 1999.

The initial outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore tragically claimed over 100 lives and had a devastating economic impact. To control the spread, over a million pigs were killed. Since then, there have been approximately 20 additional outbreaks, highlighting the ongoing threat posed by the Nipah virus.

Nipah Virus Infection Symptoms

The severity of Nipah virus infection varies greatly. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all (asymptomatic), while others develop a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory problems to fatal brain inflammation (encephalitis). However, understanding the symptoms can help:

Initial Symptoms

  • Fever: Often the first sign of infection, characterised by an elevated body temperature.
  • Headache: Persistent and severe headaches that may increase in intensity over time.
  • Muscle pain: Generalised muscle aches and discomfort, often described as flu-like symptoms.

Progression of Symptoms

  • Encephalitis (brain inflammation): Characterised by swelling of the brain, leading to severe neurological complications.
  • Seizures: Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain, causing convulsions.
  • Confusion: Cognitive impairment, including disorientation and difficulty concentrating.
  • Respiratory issues:
  • Cough: Persistent coughing, which may be dry or productive.
  • Sore throat: Pain or discomfort in the throat, often accompanying respiratory symptoms.

Severe Symptoms

  • Coma: A state of prolonged unconsciousness, often resulting from severe brain inflammation.
  • Death: High mortality rate, with death occurring in 40% to 75% of cases depending on the outbreak.

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Transmission of Nipah Virus Infection

The Nipah virus, carried by fruit bats, poses a significant threat to humans. Here's a closer look at how this dangerous virus can spread:

    • Animal-to-Human Transmission

In subsequent outbreaks in India, the most likely source of Nipah virus infection was the consumption of fruits or fruit products contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats. This includes raw date palm juice, which can become contaminated when bats feed on or come into contact with these fruits.

    • Human-to-Human Transmission

Human-to-human transmission of the Nipah virus has been reported, particularly among family members and care givers of infected patients. This transmission occurs through close contact with the secretions and excretions of infected individuals. 

Diagnosis and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection

Initial symptoms of Nipah virus infection are often nonspecific, making early diagnosis difficult and potentially hindering timely detection and control.

Diagnostic Tests

  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): Detects the presence of the virus in bodily fluids, providing a rapid and accurate diagnosis.
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Used to detect antibodies against the Nipah virus during the acute and convalescent phases.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assay: Identifies viral genetic material in clinical samples.
  • Virus Isolation by Cell Culture: Cultivates the virus from clinical samples to confirm infection.

Treatment

  • Current options: There are no specific drugs or vaccines available for Nipah virus infection at present.
  • Supportive care: Intensive supportive care is crucial for managing severe respiratory and neurological complications.

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Prevention Tips for Nipah Virus Infection

The Nipah virus primarily spreads through close contact with infected animals or humans. To reduce the risk of infection, follow these professional prevention tips:

  • Avoid handling bats: Refrain from handling bats or entering areas where bats are known to roost.
  • Practise good hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after handling animals or caring for sick individuals.
  • Ensure proper food safety: Cook meat and other animal products thoroughly before consumption to eliminate potential pathogens.
  • Use personal protective equipment (PPE): To prevent transmission, healthcare workers should wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, masks, and gowns, when caring for Nipah virus patients.
  • Isolation and quarantine: During outbreaks, isolate and quarantine affected individuals to prevent further spread of the virus.

When to Seek Medical Attention?

If you suspect exposure to the Nipah virus, it's crucial to seek medical care immediately. Timely diagnosis and supportive treatment significantly enhance the likelihood of a successful recovery.

Conclusion

Nipah virus infection represents a significant public health challenge, particularly in areas where the virus is endemic. With its high mortality rate and potential for human-to-human transmission, the Nipah virus requires ongoing vigilance, research, and strong public health strategies. By learning more about the virus and focusing on prevention, treatment, and research, we can better manage outbreaks and safeguard global health.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is at risk of Nipah virus?

Although not everyone residing near fruit bat colonies will contract the Nipah virus, those who frequently come into close contact with these bats may face a higher risk. This includes residents of areas with large bat populations, as well as researchers and wildlife conservationists who work directly with bats.

Which organ is affected by the Nipah virus?

Nipah virus primarily affects the brain, causing severe encephalitis, which leads to inflammation of the brain tissue. It can also impact the respiratory system, resulting in symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

What is the lifespan of the Nipah virus?

Nipah virus can survive for up to 3 days in some fruit juices or mango fruit and for at least 7 days in artificial date palm sap kept at 22°C. The virus has a half-life of 18 hours in the urine of fruit bats. 

What happens to Nipah virus infection survivors?

Many individuals who have survived Nipah virus disease in the long term continue to experience ongoing fatigue and functional limitations. Those who have suffered from encephalitis (brain inflammation) may also have enduring symptoms such as weakness, cranial nerve abnormalities, brain atrophy, learning disabilities, and behavioural issues.

How long is the incubation period?

Symptoms generally show up within 5 to 14 days of exposure to the virus. However, longer incubation periods of up to 2 months have also been noted.


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