Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal condition that affects women during their reproductive years. It impacts how a woman’s ovaries function and can cause several health issues, including irregular periods, weight gain, and fertility problems. Managing PCOS can be difficult, but adopting healthy lifestyle habits alongside medical treatments can effectively reduce symptoms and enhance overall well-being.

This blog will explore what PCOS is, its symptoms and causes, and the most effective lifestyle and medical strategies to manage it in the long term.

What is PCOS?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, leading to an imbalance of reproductive hormones. In women with PCOS, the ovaries may produce higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones). This can disrupt the process of egg development and release during the menstrual cycle, leading to missed or irregular periods.

PCOS is also characterised by the forming of small, fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in the ovaries. While these cysts are generally harmless, they can interfere with the ovaries' normal function and cause hormonal imbalances.

Around 1 in 10 women of reproductive age worldwide are impacted by PCOS. Without proper treatment, it may raise the chances of facing other health problems like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and infertility.

Symptoms of PCOS

The symptoms of PCOS can differ from one woman to another, but some common signs are:

• Irregular Periods: Infrequent, prolonged, or absent menstrual cycles.
• Excess Hair Growth: Increased hair growth on the face, chest, and back (hirsutism).
• Acne and Oily Skin: Due to elevated androgen levels.
• Weight Gain: Particularly around the abdomen.
• Hair Thinning or Hair Loss: Similar to male-pattern baldness.
• Darkening of Skin: Dark patches of skin, especially around the neck, groin, and under the breasts.
• Difficulty Getting Pregnant: Irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation can make it harder to conceive.

Causes and Risk Factors of PCOS

The precise cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is thought to result from a combination of various contributing factors.

Hormonal Imbalance

• Elevated levels of androgens interfere with the normal functioning of the ovaries.
• High insulin levels increase the production of androgens, worsening symptoms.

Insulin Resistance

• Insulin is a hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar levels in the body.
• When the body stops responding effectively to insulin, blood sugar levels increase, triggering higher androgen production and weight gain.

Inflammation

• Women with PCOS often experience low-level inflammation, which can trigger the ovaries to produce higher amounts of androgens.

Genetics

• PCOS usually runs in families, suggesting a genetic component.
• If your mother or sister has been diagnosed with PCOS, your risk of developing it could be higher.

Lifestyle Changes to Manage PCOS

Adjusting your lifestyle is among the most powerful methods for managing PCOS symptoms and enhancing overall well-being.

Dietary Modifications

• Reduce Refined Carbs: High-carb and sugary foods can increase insulin levels and worsen symptoms.
• Increase Fiber Intake: Fiber helps regulate blood sugar and improve digestion.
• Focus on Whole Foods: Include fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your diet.
• Limit Processed Foods: Avoid processed snacks, sugary drinks, and fast food.
• Incorporate Anti-Inflammatory Foods: Foods rich in omega-3 (like salmon and walnuts) and antioxidants (like berries and leafy greens) can help reduce inflammation.

Regular Exercise

• Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, helps with weight loss, and regulates hormones.
• Both cardiovascular activities, such as running and cycling, and strength training provide valuable health benefits.
• Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate exercise five times each week.

Weight Management

• Shedding 5-10% of your body weight can help ease symptoms, restore regular menstrual cycles, and boost fertility.
• Maintain a healthy weight by following a well-balanced diet and staying physically active.

Stress Reduction

• Elevated stress levels can raise cortisol levels, potentially making PCOS symptoms more severe.
• Engage in calming practices like yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises.
• Ensure you get enough sleep and maintain a consistent sleep schedule.

Medical Interventions for PCOS

When lifestyle adjustments aren’t sufficient, medical interventions can assist in controlling symptoms and enhancing overall well-being.

Hormonal Birth Control

• Birth control pills regulate menstrual cycles, reduce acne, and control excess hair growth.
• They work by balancing hormone levels and lowering androgen production.

Anti-Androgen Medications

• These medications reduce male hormones and help decrease hair growth, acne, and hair loss.

Insulin-Sensitising Drugs

• Metformin is commonly prescribed to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.
• It also helps with weight loss and may improve ovulation.

Ovulation Induction

• Medications like Clomiphene and Letrozole can stimulate ovulation and improve fertility in women trying to conceive.
• In certain situations, fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) might be suggested.

Surgery

• Ovarian drilling is a minor surgical procedure that can reduce androgen levels and improve ovulation in some cases.

Long-Term Management of PCOS

While PCOS is a lifelong condition, its symptoms can be well-controlled, and the chances of complications can be minimised with proper treatment and care.

• Monitor your health regularly: Regular check-ups and blood tests can help detect changes early.
• Maintain a balanced lifestyle: A combination of healthy eating, exercise, and stress management is key.
• Stay consistent: Managing PCOS requires long-term commitment and adjustments as needed.
• Consult your doctor: Work with a healthcare provider to adjust treatments based on your symptoms and health goals.

Conclusion

Managing PCOS requires a combination of lifestyle changes and medical treatments. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active, managing stress, and consulting with a healthcare professional can help you manage symptoms and enhance your overall quality of life. Early diagnosis and proactive management can make a significant difference, helping you lead a healthier and more balanced life despite PCOS.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can PCOS be cured completely?

While PCOS has no cure, its symptoms can be successfully controlled with a combination of lifestyle adjustments and medical care.

Is it possible to get pregnant with PCOS?

Yes, many women with PCOS can conceive with the help of medications and fertility treatments. Weight loss and lifestyle improvements can also increase fertility.

Can losing weight help with PCOS symptoms?

Yes, even a small amount of weight loss (5-10% of body weight) can improve insulin sensitivity, regulate menstrual cycles, and reduce androgen levels.

Does PCOS increase the risk of other health problems?

Yes, if left untreated, PCOS can raise the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and endometrial cancer.

Can birth control pills worsen PCOS symptoms?

In most cases, birth control pills help regulate hormones and reduce symptoms. However, some women may experience side effects, so consulting a doctor is important to find the right option.