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What is Cardiac Arrest: Key Signs, Differentiate, and Take Action

By Dr. Ripen Gupta in Cardiac Sciences , Cardiology , Cardiac Electrophysiology-Pacemaker

Aug 16 , 2024 | 3 min read

Cardiac emergencies can strike suddenly and without warning, making quick and accurate responses vital. Differentiating between a cardiac arrest, a heart attack, and heart failure is essential for providing the right care and intervention. This guide will clarify what cardiac arrest is and outline the crucial steps to take in such a situation, helping you to act swiftly and effectively when every second counts.

What is a Cardiac Arrest?

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating effectively, leading to a cessation of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. This condition is life-threatening and requires immediate action. The heart’s electrical system fails, causing the heart to stop pumping blood.

Key Signs of Cardiac Arrest

Sudden loss of consciousness
No pulse
No breathing or irregular breathing (gasping)

Difference Between Cardiac Arrest, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure

Often, these terms are used interchangeably in everyday language but knowing the nuances is necessary. Let’s learn the difference between them:

Cardiac Arrest vs. Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac Arrest: The heart ceases to pump blood effectively. It is a sudden and severe condition requiring immediate intervention, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually due to a blood clot, causing damage to the heart muscle. Unlike cardiac arrest, the heart usually continues to beat but may be irregular or weak. Immediate medical treatment is crucial to restore blood flow and minimize heart damage.

Cardiac Arrest vs. Heart Failure

Cardiac Arrest: Sudden and acute; the heart stops beating effectively.
Heart Failure: A chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Heart failure develops gradually and requires ongoing management.

What to Do During a Cardiac Arrest

Call for Emergency Help- Dial emergency services immediately (911 or your local emergency number). Provide clear information about the situation and location.
Check for Responsiveness- Gently tap the person and shout to see if they respond. If they do not respond and are unconscious, assume cardiac arrest.
Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Chest Compressions: Place your hands, one on top of the other, in the center of the chest (lower half of the sternum).
Use your body weight to compress the chest downwards by about 2 inches (5 cm) at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute.
Rescue Breaths (if trained): After 30 compressions, give 2 breaths.
Tilt the person’s head back slightly to open the airway, pinch the nose, and cover the mouth with yours to create a seal.
Give each breath over 1 second, ensuring the chest rises visibly.
Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED): If an AED is available, turn it on and follow the voice prompts.
Attach the electrode pads to the person’s bare chest as indicated, and let the AED analyze the heart rhythm.
If advised by the AED, deliver a shock by pressing the button.
Continue CPR: Keep performing CPR until emergency personnel arrive or the person starts to show signs of life (e.g., moving, breathing).

Avoid Common Mistakes

Do not stop CPR unless you are exhausted, the scene becomes unsafe, or emergency medical personnel take over.
Do not perform rescue breaths if you are not trained; continue with chest compressions only.

Understanding the differences between cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and heart failure is essential for effective response. In the event of a cardiac arrest, immediate action can significantly improve the chances of survival. By calling for help, performing CPR, and using an AED, you can play a critical role in saving a life. Remember, in any emergency situation, staying calm and acting swiftly are key to effective intervention.