Understanding Vaginal Discharge: What’s Normal and What’s Not

Vaginal discharge is produced to help keep the vagina clean, healthy and free from infections. That said, its appearance, amount, and texture can change due to factors such as hormonal changes, pregnancy, and lifestyle habits, and changes such as an unusual odour, colour, or texture may indicate an infection or another underlying condition. In this blog, we’ll explore what qualifies as normal, what doesn’t, and what could be the causes of different types of discharge. Let’s start with some basics. 

What is Vaginal Discharge?

Vaginal discharge is a fluid produced by the cervix and vaginal walls to keep the vagina clean and prevent infections. It plays an essential role in maintaining vaginal health by flushing out bacteria, dead cells, and other impurities.

The amount, colour, and consistency of discharge can change throughout the menstrual cycle. It may be clear and watery during ovulation, thicker and white at other times, or slightly yellowish when exposed to air. Hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, sexual activity, and even lifestyle factors like stress and diet can influence these changes.

What is Considered Normal Vaginal Discharge?

The characteristics of normal discharge vary based on factors such as hormonal changes, age, and lifestyle.

Colour and Consistency

Normal vaginal discharge can range in colour from clear to milky white. The texture may change throughout the menstrual cycle:

• Before and after menstruation: It may appear thick, sticky, or slightly white.
• During ovulation: Discharge becomes clear, slippery, and stretchy, resembling egg whites, which helps sperm travel more easily.
• After ovulation: It may turn slightly thicker and whiter as progesterone levels rise.
• During pregnancy: Some women experience an increase in discharge, which is typically white or milky.

Odour

Normal discharge usually has a mild, slightly musky scent or no noticeable odour at all. A strong or unpleasant smell may indicate an imbalance or infection.

Amount

The quantity of discharge varies from person to person and can be influenced by hormonal fluctuations, sexual activity, pregnancy, and contraceptive use. Some women naturally produce more discharge than others, which is generally not a cause for concern.

Characteristics of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Abnormal vaginal discharge often signals an underlying health concern, such as an infection, hormonal imbalance, or irritation. Recognising the warning signs can help in seeking timely medical attention.

Changes in Colour

Normal discharge is typically clear or white, but abnormal discharge may appear:

• Yellow or green: Often associated with bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like trichomoniasis. Green discharge, in particular, may be accompanied by a foul smell.
• Grey: A common sign of bacterial vaginosis (BV), often accompanied by a fishy odour.
• Thick, white, and clumpy (cottage cheese-like): Indicates a yeast infection, usually with itching and irritation.
• Brown or bloody (unrelated to menstruation): Could result from irregular periods, hormonal imbalances, or, in rare cases, conditions like cervical polyps, infections, or even cervical cancer.

Unusual Consistency and Texture

• Foamy or frothy discharge: A key symptom of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.
• Excessively thick or clumpy: Suggests a fungal infection, such as a yeast infection.
• Watery or thin with an unpleasant odour: Common in bacterial vaginosis and certain STIs.
• Sticky or mucous-like with an unusual colour: May be a sign of cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix).

Strong or Foul Odour

Normal discharge has either no scent or a mild, musky odour. A strong, unpleasant, or fishy smell is often associated with infections like bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis. If the odour worsens after intercourse, it may indicate an imbalance in vaginal bacteria.

Common Causes of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Abnormal vaginal discharge is often a sign of an underlying condition, ranging from infections to hormonal changes. Identifying the cause can help determine the appropriate treatment.

Infections

• Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Caused by an imbalance of vaginal bacteria, leading to a thin, greyish-white discharge with a strong, fishy odour.
• Yeast Infection (Candidiasis): Results from an overgrowth of Candida fungus, causing thick, white, clumpy discharge with intense itching and irritation.
• Trichomoniasis: A sexually transmitted infection (STI) that produces frothy, yellow-green discharge with a strong smell, often accompanied by itching and burning.
• Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea: STIs that may cause yellow or green discharge, pain during urination, and pelvic discomfort.
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): A bacterial infection affecting the reproductive organs, leading to foul-smelling discharge, pelvic pain, and fever.

Hormonal Imbalances

• Pregnancy: Increased oestrogen levels can lead to more vaginal discharge, which is usually normal unless it has an unusual odour or colour.
• Menopause: Lower oestrogen levels can cause vaginal dryness and changes in discharge consistency.
• Birth Control Use: Hormonal contraceptives may alter discharge patterns, sometimes leading to an increase or change in consistency.

Poor Hygiene or Irritants

• Douching and Harsh Soaps: Can disrupt the natural vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infections.
• Scented Hygiene Products: Deodorants, sprays, and scented wipes may cause irritation and abnormal discharge.
• Tight or Non-Breathable Clothing: Can trap moisture, creating an environment for bacterial or fungal growth.

Cervical or Uterine Conditions

• Cervical Polyps or Erosion: Can cause brown or bloody discharge unrelated to menstruation.
• Endometriosis: Sometimes leads to irregular discharge mixed with blood.
• Cervical or Vaginal Cancer: Though rare, persistent watery or bloody discharge may be a warning sign.

Tips for Maintaining Vaginal Health

Keeping the vaginal area clean and balanced is essential for overall reproductive health. Simple habits can help prevent infections and maintain comfort.

1. Practise Proper Hygiene

Washing the vaginal area daily with warm water helps keep it clean. Mild, unscented soap can be used on the external area (vulva), but douching should be avoided as it disrupts natural bacteria. After using the toilet, always wipe from front to back to prevent bacterial spread. Wearing clean, breathable cotton underwear reduces moisture buildup, lowering the risk of infections.

2. Avoid Harsh Products

Scented soaps, wipes, sprays, and deodorants can irritate the vaginal area and disturb its natural pH balance. Bubble baths and bath oils may also cause irritation, leading to discomfort or infections.

3. Practise Safe Sex

Using condoms lowers the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and protects vaginal health. Regular STI screenings are important, especially for those with multiple partners. Maintaining open communication with a partner about sexual health further reduces risks.

4. Maintain a Healthy Diet

A diet rich in probiotics, such as yoghurt and fermented foods, supports healthy vaginal flora. Drinking plenty of water helps flush out toxins, while reducing sugar intake can prevent yeast overgrowth, which often leads to infections.

 5. Choose the Right Clothing

Tight-fitting underwear and synthetic fabrics trap moisture, creating an environment for bacterial and fungal growth. Changing out of wet clothing, such as swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes, as soon as possible helps prevent irritation and infections.

6. Monitor Hormonal Changes

Pregnancy, birth control, and menopause can influence vaginal discharge and moisture levels. If hormonal changes cause persistent discomfort, consulting a doctor can help in managing symptoms effectively.

When to Seek Medical Attention?

Consult a doctor if any of the following occur for early diagnosis and effective management: 

• Persistent changes in colour, odour, or consistency: Discharge that is yellow, green, grey, or brown—especially if accompanied by a strong, foul odour—may indicate an infection such as bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Thick, clumpy, or frothy discharge may also suggest an underlying condition that needs medical attention.
• Itching, burning, or irritation: Discomfort in the vaginal area, including persistent itching, redness, or swelling, could be a sign of a yeast infection, bacterial imbalance, or an allergic reaction to hygiene products. If these symptoms do not improve with basic care, a doctor’s evaluation is recommended.
• Pain during urination or intercourse: Burning sensations while urinating or pain during intercourse may indicate infections like urinary tract infections (UTIs), STIs, or vaginal dryness caused by hormonal imbalances. Persistent discomfort should not be ignored, as it may worsen over time.
• Unexplained bleeding or spotting: Bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause—especially when accompanied by unusual discharge—can be a sign of cervical polyps, infections, or, in rare cases, cervical or vaginal cancer. Any unexplained bleeding should be assessed by a doctor.
• Recurring or worsening symptoms: If abnormal discharge and related symptoms keep returning despite home remedies or over-the-counter treatments, it may indicate an underlying issue that requires a more targeted approach. A healthcare provider can determine the cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

Conclusion

Your body has its own way of signalling when something isn’t right. A change in vaginal discharge, discomfort, or irritation might seem minor at first, but it could be a sign of an underlying issue. Waiting too long to address these concerns can lead to complications, but the right care at the right time can make all the difference. If you’ve noticed anything unusual, the specialists at Max Hospital are here to help. Book a consultation today for the care and answers you deserve.

FAQS on Vaginal Discharge

How does pregnancy influence vaginal discharge?

Pregnancy often leads to an increase in vaginal discharge due to hormonal changes, particularly higher oestrogen levels and increased blood flow to the vaginal area. This discharge, known as leukorrhea, is typically thin, milky white, and odourless. It helps protect the birth canal from infections, but any sudden change in colour, consistency, or odour should be discussed with a doctor.

Does birth control change vaginal discharge?

Hormonal birth control, such as pills, patches, and IUDs, can alter vaginal discharge by affecting oestrogen and progesterone levels. Some people experience an increase in clear or white discharge, while others may notice drier vaginal conditions. If discharge becomes thick, foul-smelling, or unusual, it may indicate an infection and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Is it normal to have more discharge during ovulation?

Yes, vaginal discharge increases during ovulation due to a rise in oestrogen levels. It often becomes clear, stretchy, and slippery, resembling egg whites, which helps sperm travel more easily. This type of discharge is a normal sign of fertility and usually subsides after ovulation.

How does menopause affect vaginal discharge?

Menopause leads to a decline in oestrogen levels, which can cause a decrease in vaginal discharge, leading to dryness and discomfort. Some may experience a thin, watery discharge due to vaginal atrophy. If discharge becomes yellow, green, or has a strong odour, it may indicate an infection that requires medical attention.

Can certain medications cause changes in discharge?

Yes, medications such as antibiotics, antihistamines, and hormonal treatments can affect vaginal discharge. Antibiotics may disrupt the balance of vaginal bacteria, leading to yeast infections, while antihistamines can reduce moisture, causing dryness. If discharge changes significantly after starting a medication, consulting a doctor is recommended.

Can using lubricants or spermicides change vaginal discharge?

Yes, some lubricants and spermicides can cause temporary changes in vaginal discharge, including increased thickness or a different texture. Certain ingredients may also cause irritation or allergic reactions, leading to abnormal discharge. Choosing pH-balanced, fragrance-free products can help reduce these effects.

Is it normal to have discharge after sexual intercourse?

Yes, vaginal discharge may increase after intercourse due to natural lubrication, semen, or the body’s response to stimulation. This discharge is usually clear or white and should not have a strong odour. However, persistent unusual discharge, especially with itching, burning, or an odour, may indicate an infection

Can prolonged use of tampons or daily use of panty liners affect vaginal discharge?

Yes, prolonged tampon use can increase the risk of bacterial growth and irritation, especially if not changed regularly. Daily use of panty liners, particularly scented ones, may trap moisture and cause irritation or imbalances in vaginal flora. Using breathable, unscented liners and allowing the area to stay dry can help prevent issues.