What is Radiation Therapy: Types, Benefits and Side Effects

Radiation oncology plays an important role in managing cancer, often used in conjunction with other modalities, such as surgery and chemotherapy. This article explores its functions, benefits, and evolving techniques, highlighting its significance in contemporary cancer care.

Understanding Radiation Oncology

Radiation oncology focuses on using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumours. It can be utilised as a primary treatment, adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery, or palliative care to relieve symptoms. 

Types of Radiation Therapy

• External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): This is the most common form, where radiation is delivered from outside the body using precise machines like linear accelerators.
• Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive sources directly inside or near the tumour, allowing for higher radiation doses to the tumour while minimising exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
• Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT): A highly precise form of EBRT that delivers high doses of radiation to a localised area, often in fewer sessions.
• Proton Therapy: A form of particle therapy that uses protons instead of photons, allowing for more targeted treatment with potentially fewer side effects. 

Indications for Radiation Therapy

Radiation oncology is indicated for various cancers, including:

• Localised tumours: Where radiation can eliminate cancerous cells without the need for extensive surgery.
• Palliative care: To alleviate pain and symptoms caused by advanced cancers, improving quality of life.
• Adjuvant therapy: To destroy residual cancer cells post-surgery, reducing the risk of recurrence.

Benefits of Radiation Therapy

• Targeted Treatment: Advances in imaging and planning allow for highly targeted radiation delivery, minimising damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
• Combination with Other Treatments: Radiation can enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, making them more potent when used in conjunction.
• Patient Empowerment: Patients often feel more in control when they understand their treatment options, including the role of radiation therapy.

Emerging Technologies and Research Innovations in Radiation Oncology

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being used for treatment planning, predicting outcomes, and personalising treatment plans based on individual patient data.
• Radiogenomics: This emerging field studies the relationship between genetic profiles and responses to radiation therapy, aiming for personalised approaches. 

Challenges and Considerations

Despite its benefits, radiation oncology faces challenges:

• Side Effects: Common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, and localised reactions, which need careful management.
• Access and Equity: Disparities in access to advanced radiation treatments remain an issue, particularly in low-resource settings. 

Conclusion

Radiation oncology is an indispensable component of modern cancer treatment, offering targeted and effective care. As research continues and technologies evolve, its role will likely expand, providing new avenues for improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Integrating radiation therapy into comprehensive cancer care strategies enhances the overall effectiveness of treatment, ensuring that patients receive the best possible care tailored to their individual needs.