World Kidney Cancer Day: A Global Call for Awareness and Prevention

Every year, more than 4.3 lac people are diagnosed with kidney cancer worldwide, and the number is increasing with time. Kidney cancer, most commonly in the form of renal cell carcinoma, is one of the ten most common types of cancer, affecting both men and women. Unlike some other common cancers, kidney cancer often goes undetected until it has progressed to an advanced stage, largely because early symptoms are rare or not easily noticeable. Many cases are only found by chance during tests for other health issues. This is where World Kidney Cancer Day plays a crucial role, by encouraging people to understand the risks and signs of kidney cancer, emphasising the importance of early detection.

In this blog, we’ll delve into the significance of this awareness day, explore the causes and symptoms of kidney cancer, and discuss how it can be diagnosed and treated. But first, let’s learn about the history and purpose of World Kidney Cancer Day.

History and Significance of World Kidney Cancer Day

World Kidney Cancer Day is observed annually on the second Thursday of June, and it was first established to raise awareness about kidney cancer, its risk factors, and the importance of early detection. The day was created by the International Kidney Cancer Coalition (IKCC) to bring attention to a disease that often goes undiagnosed until it reaches advanced stages. It serves as an opportunity to educate the public, healthcare professionals, and policymakers about kidney cancer, aiming to improve diagnosis, treatment, and support for patients worldwide.

The significance of the day lies in its ability to focus attention on kidney cancer, a disease that, while becoming more common, is still not widely talked about. By providing a dedicated day for awareness, people are encouraged to learn about the disease’s symptoms, risk factors, and preventative measures. It also encourages those at risk to seek medical advice early, potentially saving lives by catching the cancer before it spreads

What Causes Kidney Cancer and Who Is at Risk?

Kidney cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the kidneys grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. The exact cause of kidney cancer is not fully understood, several risk factors have been identified that can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These factors can range from lifestyle choices to certain medical conditions: 

• Age and Gender: Kidney cancer is more common in people over 50, and men are more likely to develop it than women.
• Smoking: Smoking is one of the leading causes of kidney cancer. Smokers are twice as likely to develop kidney cancer compared to non-smokers.
• Obesity: Being overweight increases the risk of kidney cancer, possibly due to increased levels of certain hormones that promote cancer growth.
• High Blood Pressure: People with high blood pressure, especially those who take medication to control it, are at a higher risk.
• Family History: A family history of kidney cancer can increase the risk, suggesting a genetic link in some cases.
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Those with conditions such as kidney disease or undergoing long-term dialysis may be at greater risk.
• Exposure to Certain Chemicals: Some chemicals, such as those used in the manufacturing of rubber or asbestos, have been linked to kidney cancer.
• Inherited Syndromes: Certain genetic conditions, like von Hippel-Lindau disease, can also increase the likelihood of developing kidney cancer.

What are the Common Symptoms of Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer often does not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages, which is why many cases are detected only when the tumour has grown or spread. As the cancer progresses, certain signs may begin to appear. These can vary from person to person, and some may be mistaken for symptoms of less serious conditions. Here are some of the more common symptoms linked to kidney cancer:

• Blood in the urine (haematuria): This is one of the most frequent signs. The urine may appear pink, red, or brown, or it may look normal but contain small amounts of blood only seen under a microscope. Blood in the urine may come and go, which can lead to delays in diagnosis.
• Persistent pain in the back or side: A dull, aching pain that stays in the lower back or side, just below the ribs, and is not caused by injury, may be a sign of a growing kidney tumour.
• A lump or swelling in the abdomen: Some people may notice a mass or swelling in the abdominal area. This is more common in later stages, as early tumours are often too small to be felt.
• Unexplained weight loss: A sudden drop in weight without any effort or changes in diet can be linked to kidney cancer, especially when accompanied by a general loss of appetite.
• Tiredness or fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak, even after adequate rest, may indicate that the cancer is affecting the body’s overall function.
• Fever not linked to infection: Recurrent fevers with no clear cause may sometimes be a symptom of kidney cancer, particularly in advanced cases.
• Anaemia: A drop in red blood cell count can lead to constant tiredness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. This can happen if the cancer affects how the kidneys regulate certain hormones.

These symptoms do not always mean kidney cancer, but they should not be ignored—especially if they last for more than a few days. Medical evaluation and tests can help find the cause and rule out or confirm the presence of cancer at an early stage.

How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed and Staged?

Diagnosing kidney cancer usually begins when symptoms appear or during tests done for another condition. In many cases, a tumour is discovered incidentally during an imaging scan for unrelated issues. Once suspected, doctors carry out a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis and understand how far the cancer has spread.

Medical History and Physical Examination

Doctors begin by asking about any symptoms, such as blood in the urine, pain in the side or lower back, or unexplained weight loss. Risk factors like smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, exposure to certain chemicals, and family history of kidney cancer are also reviewed. During the physical exam, the doctor checks for any lump in the abdomen and signs of swelling in the legs or ankles.

Urine and Blood Tests

A urine test may detect small amounts of blood not visible to the eye, which can be an early sign of kidney cancer. Blood tests check how well the kidneys are working and may show low red blood cell levels (anaemia) or other changes linked to kidney function.

Imaging Tests

These are used to confirm the presence of a mass in the kidney, assess its size and shape, and check for spread to nearby tissues or distant organs.

• Ultrasound is usually the first test done when a kidney mass is suspected. It helps distinguish between solid tumours and fluid-filled cysts.
• CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images and is considered the most reliable imaging test for diagnosing kidney cancer. It shows the size of the tumour, whether it has spread, and helps plan surgery.
• MRI is used when a CT scan cannot be done or does not give clear results. It is especially helpful in assessing spread to major blood vessels near the kidney.

Biopsy (In Certain Cases)

A biopsy may be done if the diagnosis is unclear from imaging. A thin needle is inserted into the kidney under local anaesthesia and guided by ultrasound or CT. A small piece of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. Not all patients need a biopsy—doctors often proceed directly to treatment if the imaging strongly suggests cancer.

What are the Treatment Options for Kidney Cancer?

The treatment for kidney cancer depends on several factors, such as the cancer's stage, size, and location, as well as the overall health of the patient. Below are the common treatment options used to manage kidney cancer:

Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for kidney cancer, particularly in the early stages. The main types of surgery are:

• Radical nephrectomy: This procedure involves removing the entire kidney along with the surrounding tissues, including the adrenal gland and nearby lymph nodes, if necessary.
• Partial nephrectomy: In cases where the cancer is confined to a small part of the kidney, only the tumour and a portion of healthy tissue are removed, preserving the rest of the kidney.

Surgery is generally recommended for patients with localised tumours that have not spread to other parts of the body.

Ablation and Arterial Embolisation

For patients who cannot undergo surgery due to health issues, or for those with small, early-stage tumours, non-surgical methods may be considered:

• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): A needle is inserted into the tumour to heat and destroy cancer cells using radiofrequency energy.
• Cryoablation: This technique involves freezing the tumour using a probe, which is inserted directly into the mass.
• Arterial embolization: In this procedure, the blood supply to the tumour is blocked, causing it to shrink. It is sometimes used before surgery to shrink the tumour or in cases where surgery is not an option.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs aim to block the growth and spread of cancer by targeting specific molecules involved in the growth of the tumour. This type of therapy can be used in cases where the cancer has spread or recurred. These medications work by:

• Blocking blood supply to the tumour
• Targeting specific genetic changes in cancer cells to stop their growth

Targeted therapy can be used on its own or in combination with other treatments like surgery or immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. This approach works by stimulating the immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells more effectively. Drugs used in immunotherapy include checkpoint inhibitors, which help the immune system identify cancer cells by blocking certain proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking them. Immunotherapy can be used for advanced or metastatic kidney cancer, especially when other treatments have not worked.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is typically not a first-line treatment for kidney cancer but may be used in specific cases, such as when the cancer has spread to the bones or brain, or when surgery cannot remove the tumour. Radiation can help relieve symptoms like pain or bleeding in these cases.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is rarely used for kidney cancer, as it is generally not effective for this type of cancer. However, in some cases, it may be combined with other treatments, especially if the cancer has spread to other organs.

Can Kidney Cancer Be Prevented?

Currently, there is no guaranteed way to prevent kidney cancer. However, certain lifestyle changes may reduce the risk of developing the disease. Although these steps cannot completely eliminate the possibility of kidney cancer, they can help lower the chances significantly. Here are some important measures to consider:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of kidney cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity can lower the chances.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for kidney cancer. The chemicals in tobacco can damage the kidneys, increasing the likelihood of developing cancer. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake has been linked to several types of cancer, including kidney cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption to moderate levels can help reduce the risk.
• Control High Blood Pressure: High blood pressure is a known risk factor for kidney disease, which in turn increases the risk of kidney cancer. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and keeping it within a healthy range can help protect the kidneys.
• Avoid Exposure to Toxic Substances: Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos, cadmium, and other industrial toxins, can increase the risk of kidney cancer. Following safety guidelines in workplaces that use such substances is important.
• Manage Diabetes Effectively: Diabetes, especially when poorly managed, can increase the risk of kidney cancer. Keeping blood sugar levels under control through medication, diet, and exercise can reduce the risk.
• Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water throughout the day helps the kidneys function properly, reducing strain on the organs and potentially lowering the risk of kidney cancer.

Final Words

World Kidney Cancer Day serves as an important reminder to prioritise kidney health and stay vigilant about potential risks. If you're concerned about kidney cancer, now is the time to seek advice from a trusted healthcare provider. The oncologists at Max Hospital are ready to guide you through a thorough assessment, helping to identify any issues early and offering the best possible treatment options. Take the next step in safeguarding your health by consulting with our specialists today. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the latest advancements in kidney cancer treatment?

Kidney cancer treatment is evolving, with newer therapies like targeted treatments and immunotherapies showing promising results. Staying updated on the latest advancements can give you more options for treatment.

What does the recovery process look like after kidney cancer surgery?

Recovery from surgery depends on the extent of the procedure. It typically includes managing pain, following dietary recommendations, and gradually increasing physical activity. Your medical team will provide clear guidelines to ensure a smooth recovery.

How long does it take to recover from kidney cancer treatment?

Recovery time varies depending on the type of treatment and the individual’s overall health. It can range from a few weeks for some treatments to several months for others. Your healthcare team will monitor your progress and adjust your recovery plan accordingly.

Can kidney cancer affect other organs?

If left untreated, kidney cancer can spread (metastasize) to other organs, such as the lungs or bones. Early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing cancer from spreading