World Thyroid Day 2025: A Wake-Up Call to Recognise and Prevent Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid disorders often develop gradually, with signs such as tiredness, weight changes, or mood shifts that are often mistakenly attributed to stress or aging, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. According to the Indian Thyroid Society, around 42 million people in India live with thyroid issues and the number is only increasing, highlighting the pressing need to increase awareness about these disorders. To address this, World Thyroid Day is observed each year on May 25 to encourage early detection and promote education about thyroid health. This blog will cover common thyroid disorders and share simple ways to help increase awareness on the subject. But first, let’s start by understanding the history and significance of World Thyroid Day. 

History and Significance of World Thyroid Day

World Thyroid Day was first initiated by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and is now widely recognised worldwide. It was created to address the growing concern over the increasing number of people suffering from thyroid conditions, many of whom remain undiagnosed due to lack of awareness.

The significance of the day lies in its ability to foster global dialogue on thyroid health. It encourages both individuals and healthcare professionals to understand the importance of thyroid function, recognise early symptoms, and support those living with thyroid disorders.

The theme for World Thyroid Day 2025 is “Thyroid Disease and Artificial Intelligence”. This theme highlights the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosing, managing, and understanding thyroid disorders. AI technologies are increasingly being used to improve early detection, personalise treatment plans, and enhance patient outcomes in the field of thyroid health.

What is the Thyroid Gland and Why is it Important?

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck, just below the voice box. It forms a part of the endocrine system and plays a vital role in regulating many of the body’s key functions. The gland produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which help control how the body uses energy.

These hormones influence nearly every organ system, including the heart, brain, muscles, and digestive tract. They also help regulate body temperature, weight, mood, and metabolism. Even a slight imbalance in thyroid hormone levels can cause noticeable changes in the body’s overall functioning.

Because of its role in controlling hormones, the thyroid affects several organs and processes in the body, making proper function essential for maintaining overall health. When the gland produces too much or too little hormone, it can lead to disorders that affect both physical and mental health. 

Common Thyroid Disorders You Should Know About

Thyroid disorders occur when the gland produces too much or too little of its hormones, leading to an imbalance. Since thyroid hormones regulate many key functions in the body, this imbalance can affect various organ systems. This includes the heart, brain, digestive system, skin, and reproductive organs, making thyroid disorders multisystem diseases. Understanding the most common thyroid disorders can help with early recognition and timely treatment.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to a slowing of body processes. This condition can affect metabolism and energy levels, causing a range of symptoms including:

• Constant tiredness or fatigue
• Weight gain without clear reason
• Feeling cold easily
• Dry skin
• Constipation
• Depression or low mood
• Slow heart rate
• Puffy face
• Hoarse voice

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, impairing its ability to produce hormones. This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. The symptoms can appear gradually and may resemble those of other thyroid disorders. These include:

• Enlarged thyroid (goitre)
• Fatigue
• Mild weight gain
• Depression
• Slow heart rate
• Constipation
• Cold intolerance
• Memory issues or trouble concentrating ("brain fog")

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces an excess of hormones, speeding up many of the body's functions. This condition can lead to an overactive metabolism, resulting in symptoms related to increased activity within the body. These include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Nervousness or irritability
• Increased sweating
• Shaky hands
• Trouble sleeping
• Frequent bowel movements
• Heat intolerance

Graves’ Disease

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder and one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism. It causes the thyroid gland to become overactive and often leads to the enlargement of the thyroid. In some cases, it can also affect the eyes, leading to distinct eye-related symptoms. Common symptoms of graves’ disease:

• All signs of hyperthyroidism (listed above)
• Bulging eyes (Graves’ ophthalmopathy)
• Eye irritation or dryness
• Thickened skin on shins or feet (rare)

Goitre

A goitre is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can occur in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions. A goitre may not always affect hormone production but can cause noticeable physical changes. Common symptoms include:

• Visible or palpable lump in the neck
• Tight feeling in the throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Occasional breathing difficulty (if large)

Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules are lumps that develop in the thyroid gland. Most are benign (non-cancerous), but some may produce excess hormones or become cancerous over time. Nodules can vary in size, and many don’t cause any symptoms, although larger ones may cause physical discomfort. Symptoms to watch out for include:

• Lump in the neck
• Sense of fullness in the throat
• Trouble swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Sometimes, signs of hyperthyroidism (if the nodule produces hormones)

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a rare condition, but it can occur when abnormal cells grow in the thyroid gland. The disease is often slow-growing and might not show symptoms in its early stages, making early detection crucial. Symptoms include:

• Painless lump or swelling in the neck
• Hoarseness or voice changes
• Difficulty swallowing
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Pain in the neck or throat

Who is at Risk of Thyroid Disorders?

Thyroid disorders can affect anyone, but certain groups of people are more likely to develop thyroid conditions. Here are some of the key factors that increase the risk of developing thyroid disorders:

• Gender: Women are significantly more likely to develop thyroid disorders than men. Hypothyroidism, for example, is up to ten times more common in women. The risk is particularly higher during certain life stages, such as pregnancy and menopause.

• Age: Thyroid problems can occur at any age, but the risk increases with age. Conditions such as hypothyroidism and goitre are more commonly seen in adults over the age of 60. Children can also develop thyroid disorders, but they are less common in younger age groups.

• Family History: A family history of thyroid disease can increase the likelihood of developing a thyroid disorder. If a close relative (parent, sibling, or grandparent) has a thyroid condition, the risk of developing one is higher. Genetics play a role in autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease.

• Autoimmune Conditions: People with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or type 1 diabetes, are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disorders. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves' disease are both autoimmune conditions where the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

• Pregnancy: Pregnancy significantly affects thyroid function. During pregnancy, a woman’s body needs more thyroid hormones. If the thyroid is unable to meet the increased demand, it can lead to conditions such as hypothyroidism or gestational thyroid disease. Postpartum thyroiditis can also occur after childbirth.

• Radiation Exposure: People who have been exposed to radiation, particularly those who have undergone radiation therapy to the neck or head, have an increased risk of thyroid disorders, including thyroid cancer. This is particularly true for individuals who received radiation treatments during childhood.

• Iodine Deficiency: Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. In areas where iodine deficiency is common, people may be at higher risk of developing thyroid problems like goitre. Though iodine deficiency is rare in many developed countries due to iodised salt, it can still be a risk in certain regions.

• Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of developing thyroid problems, particularly Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease. The chemicals in cigarette smoke can interfere with the thyroid gland’s function and increase inflammation.

• Hormonal Changes: Thyroid problems often emerge during significant hormonal changes, such as pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, or after stopping birth control pills. Hormonal fluctuations during these times can trigger or worsen existing thyroid conditions.

• Certain Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions can increase the likelihood of thyroid disease. These include conditions such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and pituitary disorders, all of which can be associated with thyroid dysfunction.

How are Thyroid Disorders Diagnosed?

Diagnosing thyroid disorders involves a combination of reviewing symptoms, medical history, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Since thyroid disorders can mimic other health conditions, a thorough evaluation is crucial to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here’s an overview of the key steps involved in diagnosing thyroid problems:

Clinical Evaluation and Medical History

The first step in diagnosing a thyroid disorder involves a detailed discussion with your healthcare provider. They will ask about symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, mood swings, and changes in energy levels. A history of any thyroid-related issues in your family, as well as any other autoimmune conditions, will also be considered.

Physical Examination

During a physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of thyroid problems. They may examine your neck for any swelling or lumps that could indicate an enlarged thyroid (goitre) or nodules. They may also check for other physical symptoms such as dry skin, changes in skin tone, and hair thinning, which may be related to thyroid dysfunction.

Blood Tests

Blood tests are the primary method used to diagnose thyroid disorders. These tests measure levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Key blood tests include:

• TSH Test: The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test is usually the first test used to check thyroid function. If TSH levels are high, it may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). If TSH levels are low, it could suggest hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
• Free T3 and Free T4: These tests measure the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), the two main hormones produced by the thyroid. Abnormal levels of these hormones can help confirm thyroid dysfunction and pinpoint the type of disorder.
• Thyroid Antibodies Test: If an autoimmune thyroid disorder, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease, is suspected, your doctor may order an antibody test. This test measures the presence of antibodies that attack the thyroid, helping to diagnose autoimmune thyroid conditions.
• Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) Test: For diagnosing Graves’ disease, a TSI test may be performed to check for elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, which are often present in this condition.

Ultrasound of the Thyroid

If your doctor detects lumps or swelling in the neck, an ultrasound may be recommended. This non-invasive test uses sound waves to create images of the thyroid gland. It can help identify the presence of thyroid nodules and assess their size and structure.

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy

If a nodule or lump is detected and appears suspicious, your doctor may recommend a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. This procedure involves using a thin needle to take a sample of the nodule for laboratory testing to determine if it is benign or malignant (cancerous).

Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test

For diagnosing hyperthyroidism, a radioactive iodine uptake test may be used. This test involves taking a small amount of radioactive iodine, which is absorbed by the thyroid gland. A special camera measures how much iodine the thyroid takes up, helping to determine the cause of hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves’ disease or toxic nodules).

CT or MRI Scan

In rare cases, a CT scan or MRI might be recommended to get detailed images of the thyroid gland and surrounding tissues. These scans are usually reserved for cases where the ultrasound results are inconclusive or if thyroid cancer is suspected.

After completing these diagnostic tests, your doctor will be able to determine the type of thyroid disorder you may have and create an appropriate treatment plan.

How are Thyroid Disorders Treated?

The treatment for thyroid disorders depends on the specific condition, its severity, and the individual’s overall health. Some thyroid disorders can be managed effectively with medications, while others may require surgery or other interventions. Here’s an overview of the common treatment approaches for different thyroid disorders:

Treatment for Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)

The most common treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This helps to replace the hormone your thyroid is not producing enough of, bringing hormone levels back to normal. Treatment typically involves taking a synthetic form of thyroid hormone in pill form on a daily basis, with dosages adjusted based on regular blood tests to monitor hormone levels.

Treatment for Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)

There are several treatment options for hyperthyroidism, depending on the underlying cause:

• Medication: Certain medications can help reduce the thyroid's production of excessive hormones, managing symptoms and preventing further complications.
• Radioactive Iodine Therapy: This treatment involves the use of radioactive iodine, which is absorbed by the thyroid and helps to reduce overactive thyroid cells, lowering hormone production.
• Surgery: If other treatments are ineffective or if there are concerns about thyroid cancer, surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid may be necessary. After this, patients may need to take thyroid hormone replacement medication for life.

Treatment for Goitre (Enlarged Thyroid)

Treatment for goitre depends on the cause and size of the enlargement. If the goitre is due to an underlying thyroid disorder, treating the condition (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) will often help reduce the size of the goitre. If the goitre is large or causing difficulty breathing or swallowing, surgery may be considered.

Treatment for Graves’ Disease

Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism, is typically treated with one of the following options:

• Medication: Medications can help manage the overproduction of thyroid hormones.
• Radioactive Iodine Therapy: This is often used for people who do not respond well to medication or in severe cases.
• Beta-blockers: These medications help control symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and tremors associated with Graves' disease.
• Surgery: In rare cases, if other treatments are unsuccessful, surgery to remove the thyroid may be considered.

Treatment for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition that causes hypothyroidism. As the thyroid gradually loses its ability to produce hormones, the most common treatment is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This medication helps restore normal thyroid hormone levels and relieve symptoms. Regular monitoring is essential to adjust the dosage as needed.

Treatment for Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is typically treated with surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Depending on the type of cancer and how far it has spread, additional treatments may include:

• Radioactive Iodine Therapy: After surgery, radioactive iodine may be used to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue or cancer cells.
• Thyroid Hormone Replacement: After thyroidectomy, patients must take thyroid hormone replacement for life to maintain normal hormone levels.
• External Radiation Therapy or Chemotherapy: These are used in more advanced cases of thyroid cancer where the cancer has spread or recurred.

Treatment for Thyroid Nodules

Most thyroid nodules are benign and may not require treatment. However, if a nodule is causing symptoms (e.g., difficulty swallowing or breathing), or if there is a concern about cancer, treatment options include:

• Surgery: If the nodule is large, causing symptoms, or suspected to be cancerous, surgical removal of the nodule or part of the thyroid may be necessary.
• Radioactive Iodine: For certain cases, particularly if the nodule is hyperactive, radioactive iodine may be used to shrink the nodule.
• Observation: If the nodule is small and asymptomatic, your doctor may recommend regular monitoring rather than immediate treatment.

Can Thyroid Disorders be Prevented?

It is important to keep in mind that preventing thyroid disorders entirely may not always be possible, but there are steps that can help reduce the risk:

• Maintaining a Balanced Diet: A diet rich in iodine, selenium, and zinc supports thyroid function. It’s important to balance iodine intake, as too much can be harmful. Foods like fish, dairy, and iodized salt can help, especially for those at risk of iodine deficiency.
• Regular Monitoring for At-Risk Groups: Routine check-ups and blood tests are vital for those at higher risk of thyroid issues, such as women over 60 or individuals with a family history of thyroid disease. Early detection allows for better management.
• Managing Autoimmune Conditions: Conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease affect the thyroid. Managing other autoimmune conditions and staying active can help reduce the risk of thyroid complications.
• Reducing Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels, including thyroid hormones. Managing stress through exercise, meditation, or adequate rest supports thyroid health.
• Avoiding Environmental Toxins: Exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation can negatively impact thyroid function. Limiting exposure to toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, helps reduce the risk of thyroid issues.
• Early Intervention and Lifestyle Adjustments: For those with thyroid conditions or a family history, early intervention is crucial. Maintaining an active lifestyle, eating well, and following treatment plans can prevent further complications.

Help Spread Awareness This World Thyroid Day

World Thyroid Day offers a vital opportunity to raise awareness about thyroid health and encourage proactive measures for early detection. Here are some simple ways to contribute to spreading awareness:

• Share Information on Social Media: Use your platforms to share facts, personal stories, and reliable resources about thyroid disorders. Hashtags like #WorldThyroidDay and #ThyroidAwareness can help increase visibility.
• Talk to Friends and Family: Educate those around you about thyroid health. Many people may not be aware of the symptoms or risk factors associated with thyroid disorders. Sharing your knowledge can encourage them to seek help if they experience any symptoms.
• Encourage Regular Check-ups: Encourage friends and family to get regular health check-ups, including thyroid screenings. Early detection can make a significant difference in managing thyroid disorders effectively.
• Support Awareness Campaigns: Many organisations and hospitals run awareness campaigns, events, or fundraisers on World Thyroid Day. Participating or donating to these initiatives can help spread the word and raise funds for research and education.
• Wear Purple: Many people wear purple to show support for thyroid health on World Thyroid Day. Wearing purple can help spark conversations and show solidarity with those affected by thyroid disorders.
• Organise or Attend an Awareness Event: Attend or organise local events or webinars focused on thyroid health. These help people understand the importance of thyroid screenings and provide opportunities to ask medical professionals questions about the condition.

Spreading awareness on World Thyroid Day can play a key role in reducing the number of undiagnosed cases and ensuring more people understand the importance of thyroid health. Your efforts, whether big or small, can make a real difference.

Final Words

This World Thyroid Day, take a moment to support those affected by thyroid disorders and help spread awareness about recognizing symptoms early. By sharing information and encouraging regular check-ups, we can all play a part in improving diagnosis and treatment. If you or someone you know is showing symptoms of a thyroid condition, don’t hesitate to take action. Reach out to Max Hospital, where our endocrinologists can provide the guidance and care necessary for managing thyroid health effectively. Contact us today and take the first step towards better thyroid health.