It occurs when the heart does not get enough blood supply. This is due to the accumulation of plaque in the blood vessel which interrupts the blood flow. To restore the blood supply, heart starts beating faster and harder, and this condition is known as angina. Its signs and symptoms vary from person to person. However, some of them are common which are as follows: Discomfort, tightness or heaviness in the chest Ache in other parts of the body such as the back, shoulders, neck or jaw Shortness of breath Sweating and dizziness Nausea People who experience these symptoms must visit cardiology hospital and seek medical assistance to avoid further complications. It must be noted that the severity of angina can be different in different people. Hence, getting it diagnosed is the best step one can take to identify the underlying issue.

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Aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the heart to the remaining parts of the body. Aorta dissection is a tear in the innermost layer of the aorta, which causes the inner and middle layers to separate or dissect. This is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate attention if blood bursts through the outer wall of the aorta. At times, blood haemorrhage from a rupture in the microvessels supplying the outside and middle walls of the aorta weakens the inner layer of the aorta, where a tear could occur, leading to an aortic dissection. Over time, the tear can affect the brain, lungs, arms, legs, and heart. This depends on where along the aorta the tear occurs.

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Atrial fibrillation, also known as Afib, is a type of arrhythmia that can disturb the blood flow in the body. The heart pumps blood to the whole body with each heartbeat. The blood is pumped through two upper chambers followed by the two lower chambers. In atrial fibrillation, the upper chambers of the heartbeat irregularly, and the blood does not flow properly to the lower chambers. A-fib can increase the risk of stroke, heart-related complications, and heart failure. The atrial fibrillation episodes may come and go, or they may be persistent in nature. The condition can be treated with medications, though there may be a need for some surgical procedures in some cases.

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Cardiac arrest is a severe heart condition that requires immediate medical response and treatment. In cardiac arrest, there is a sudden loss of heart function. The heart stops beating or beats too fast, stopping blood circulation to the brain and entire body. As a result, people suffering from cardiac arrest collapse and turn unresponsive. The heart sends an electrical impulse that triggers each heartbeat. When this electrical impulse pattern changes abruptly, the heartbeat becomes irregular, which stops the heart from beating. With this, the heart cannot deliver oxygen-rich blood to the brain and the rest of the body. Cardiac arrest can be fatal if not treated immediately.

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Cardiac arrhythmia refers to a large group of conditions resulting from abnormalities in the electrical activity of the heart. It is the abnormality of the heart rhythm wherein the heart beats too slowly, rapidly, irregularly or with extra beats (premature atrial or ventricular beat). There are several ways of classifying cardiac arrhythmias. A common way is to divide them into arrhythmias originating in the upper two cardiac chambers (an atrial arrhythmia) and those arising in the ventricles. Arrhythmias that arise in the atria are: Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Atrial Flutter Atrial Fibrillation Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia Arrhythmias that arise in the ventricle include: Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation  

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Cholesterol is a type of fat, one which is a major building block of various substances including the cell membrane of every cell in our body, digestive juices released by the gall bladder and the sex hormones. Not all cholesterol is bad. We need some cholesterol for our bodily functions and the liver can make that easily in our body. But the problem starts when the level goes beyond necessary. High cholesterol is one of the major controllable risk factors for coronary heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. The higher your blood cholesterol is, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Bad Cholesterol is scientifically referred to as LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein. The Bad cholesterol tends to block the arteries. Good Cholesterol also known as the HDL or the High Density Lipoprotein acts as a cleansing agent cleaning up the bad cholesterol from the arteries.

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Also known as a congenital heart defect, this refers to the structural defect in the heart which is present at birth. The defects can be related to the heart walls, heart valves, arteries and veins near the heart. The defect affects the normal blood flow that can lead to various complications. These complications may vary, with few infants not needing treatment while others require treatments like surgery and even heart transplants. The symptoms of congenital heart disease may not occur at the time of birth and develop over time. The symptoms that do develop overtime in new-borns are listed below: Abnormal heartbeat Bluish skin, lips, toes and fingers Trouble in breathing Pain in chest Slow growth Low birth weight

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Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, refers to an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood needed by the body tissues, due to weakening or hardening of the heart muscles. Although heart failure often begins at the left side, it may involve pumping chambers on either side of the heart or both. It may occur progressively as a complication of other heart diseases or unexpectedly due to sudden injury to the heart muscles. Causes of heart failure include: Narrowing of the blood vessels or arteries in the heart (coronary artery disease) High blood pressure Heart defects that may present at the time of birth (congenital heart disease) Infections Long term use of specific medications (e.g. chemotherapy for cancer) Drug abuse Genetic heart diseases Too fast or too slow heartbeats Diabetes Thyroid diseases AIDS Accumulation of iron or proteins in the body Alcohol consumption Smoking Obesity Following are the types of heart failure: Left-sided heart failure – causes difficulty in breathing  Right-sided heart failure – causes swelling, especially legs Systolic heart failure – blood pumping problems Diastolic heart failure –blood filling problems

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The most common misconception is that sugar causes diabetes. Watching out sugar intake becomes important only if you've been diagnosed with diabetes. However, if you do not have diabetes, sugar intake will not cause diabetes. Diabetes is an illness which occurs as a result of problems with the production and supply of insulin in the body. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, a form of sugar. We use glucose as a source of energy to provide power to the muscles and other tissues. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious heart problems such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), or heart disease, including peripheral artery disease (PAD) and stroke.

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A heart attack leads to permanent heart damage or death. It is also known as Myocardial infarction, because part of the heart muscle (myocardium) might die (infraction). A heart attack occurs when one of the coronary arteries becomes severely or completely blocked, usually due to a blood clot. The severity of a heart attack generally depends on how much of the heart muscle is injured during the heart attack.

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Heart murmurs are the swishing or whooshing sound made by turbulent blood flowing across the heart valve. It passes through an abnormal heart valve, or in certain other cases, it may be possible that because of some other condition, the heart beats faster and forces the heart to handle more blood at a faster rate. Heart murmurs can exist either at birth (congenital) or develop later in life. Murmurs can be present without any medical or heart conditions. Two common examples include: Childhood murmurs Pregnancy The heart has got four chambers which are separated by valves that determine the amount of blood that enters each chamber at any given period of time. Normal valves help in the prevention of blood from flowing in the wrong direction in the heart. A healthy and normal heart makes a "lub-dub" sound during its beats. The "lub" sound, also called systolic sound, occurs during the contraction of the heart and the mitral and tricuspid valves close, whereas the "dub"  sound, also called diastolic sound, occurs during the relaxation of the heart and the aortic and pulmonic valves close during that event.  Therefore A heart murmur is an additional sound in a heartbeat-like a ''whooshing''  type of sound being caused by turbulent blood flow between the valves of the heart.

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Heart palpitations feel as if the heart is racing, pounding, or like the patient has missed heartbeats. Palpitations can take place at any time, even while at rest or performing normal day-to-day activities. Although they may be a cause of concern, palpitations are not usually consequential or dangerous. However, at times they can be related to an abnormal heart rhythm that needs medical attention. In very rare cases, they can be interpreted as a symptom of a more dangerous heart condition, for instance, irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), that might require treatment. They often resolve on their own and subside slowly. Most of the time, they take place due to stress and anxiety or because you've had too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. They can also happen when you’re pregnant.

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A heart transplant is a surgical transplantation that is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure, or severe coronary artery disease. The patient’s heart is replaced with a donor’s healthy heart and is performed as a life-saving measure.

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Hypertension refers to high blood pressure which may lead to many other symptoms. Blood pressure is the measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is known to be a cause of chronic kidney disease. Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time If your blood pressure numbers are 120/80 or higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension

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Peripheral artery disease, also known as PAD, is blockage or narrowing of vessels (arteries) that supply blood to the legs from the heart. It occurs due to the build-up of fatty tissue or plaque within the blood vessels or at the periphery of the vessel referred to as atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. It commonly affects the lower limbs but can affect any blood vessel such as arms, stomach, head, kidneys. It usually affects the older population but can occur at any age. A warning sign of PAD is having cramps when moving that subsides on taking adequate rest. It can lead to stroke or heart attack if left untreated.Peripheral artery disease has a high prevalence rate among the population. However, it is one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated diseases.

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It refers to the damage in one or more heart valves that can develop after rheumatic fever. The fever usually occurs as a result of strep throat or scarlet fever which is not treated properly. Rheumatic fever can damage the heart valves, leading to rheumatic heart disease. If left untreated, rheumatic heart disease can cause complications such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves. Common signs and symptoms of this heart condition are: Heart palpitations or missing heartbeats Pain in the chest area Thumping sensations in the chest Shortness of breath Excessive fatigue Swelling in stomach, ankles, and wrists

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The thoracic outlet is the area between the collar bone and the first rib. This area is marked anteriorly by anterior scalene muscle, posteriorly by middle scalene, and the first rib inferiorly. The term 'thoracic outlet syndrome' describes compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet, causing shoulder and neck pain and numbness in the fingers. There are three types of thoracic outlet syndrome: Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome This, the most common kind of thoracic outlet syndrome, is marked by the compression of the brachial plexus. These are a group of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord and control the movements of various muscles and sensations in the shoulder, arm, and hand area. Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome This occurs when one or more of the veins get compressed by the clavicle leading to blood clots. Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome This is the least common type. It occurs when one of the arteries gets compressed under the clavicle resulting in bulging of the artery, also known as an aneurysm.

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This heart condition refers to the damage or defect in one or more of the four valves – mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonic valves, present in the heart. Common conditions that can cause valvular heart disease are congenital valve disease and rheumatic fever. It can also occur due to ageing. Its symptoms can occur suddenly and need medical attention. Some of the common symptoms are: Wheezing and shortness of breath Swelling in feet, hands or abdomen Fatigue Dizziness Rapid weight gain Chest pain and palpitations

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Vascular disease is a group of diseases of the blood vessels (arteries and veins of the circulatory system) where there is a disorder and disruption in the blood flow that can lead to disability and even death. Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty which involves usage of minimal-invasive catheter procedures to treat the diseases of the vascular system, arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation. However, intracranial and coronary arteries are not included in vascular surgery.

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