Urology

Balanoposthitis is a common condition of inflammation that affects both the penis glans and prepuce (foreskin). It occurs in 12 to 20% of uncircumcised males and boys below the age of 4. The inflammation is classified as infectious, irritant, or traumatic. Balanoposthitis is easily curable. The condition responds well to the treatment and may not cause major complications.

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Urinary stones are a group of chemical substances present within the body. Usually, urine contains many dissolved chemical substances. A specific concentration of these chemicals in the urine causes them to crystallise, thus leading to formation of stones. They may be smooth, jagged or spiky and can be single or multiple. This disorder is present more frequently in middle-aged people, with men being afflicted more often than women. Urinary bladder stones can be present anywhere along the urinary tract starting from the kidneys to the urethra but are more commonly located in the kidney and the ureter. Depending on the chemical composition, the stones may vary in consistency, size and number. The various types are: Calcium phosphate & calcium oxalate stones (commonest) Struvite (infection) stones Uric acid stones Others (Cystine, Xanthine, Pyruvate) Urinary stones are amongst the most painful disorders a person suffers from. These stones can lead to blockage of urinary flow that leads to a build-up of toxins and destruction of tissues, thus causing severe kidney damage.

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Prostate enlargement is a common part of ageing. Doctors call this condition ‘Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia’ (BPH). Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a man’s life, the enlargement doesn’t usually cause problems until late in life. It rarely causes symptoms before one turns 40 years old. More than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90% in their seventies and eighties have some symptoms of prostate enlargement. It is the most common benign tumour in men and is one of those rare conditions that affect the quality of life, rather than the longevity of life. It is not life-threatening, but it can be embarrassing, inconvenient, and uncomfortable.

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Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is one of the most frequently used treatments for kidney stones. High-pressure waves are targeted from outside the body at the stone which causes it to break into fragments. Another name for shock wave lithotripsy is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), where extracorporeal means from outside the body. Shock Wave Lithotripsy is an efficient non-surgical procedure for treating stones in the kidney or the ureter. Once the stones are broken into fragments, they are easily passed through urine.

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Hematospermia is a condition characterized by blood in semen. Most men notice this relatively persistent and troublesome symptom. It is usually a benign, self‐limiting disorder, including inflammatory and infective pathologies, and it takes several weeks to resolve this issue. Blood in semen often settles on its own in men less than 40 years of age with no related symptoms or risk factors involved. However, for men in the age group 40 and above, chances are higher that blood in the semen needs proper evaluation and treatment. This is especially true for men who: Have recurrent incidents of blood in the semen Have associated symptoms while urination or while ejaculating Are at a greater a bleeding disorder, risk for cancer,  or other conditions However, this condition is not a sign of any serious health condition.

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Haematuria is a condition where there is a presence of blood/red blood cells in urine. It can affect the kidneys and the bladder. Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. This is actually a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), ranging from trivial to lethal.

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Hydrocele is a condition characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the thin sac surrounding the testicles, resulting in swelling in the scrotum. It is a common condition that can occur in males of any age, although it is most prevalent in newborns and older men. In many cases, hydroceles resolve on their own within six months to one year without causing any problems. However, large or persistent hydroceles may require surgical correction.

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Kidney stones refer to solid masses made up of tiny crystals. There can be one or more stones in the kidney or ureter at the same time. Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream, and a small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size (usually at least 3 millimeters (0.12 in) they can cause blockage of the ureter. This leads to pain, most commonly beginning in the flank or lower back and often radiating to the groin. This pain is often known as renal colic and typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes.

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Laparoscopic urologic surgery is a surgery where a doctor corrects urological issues without causing much agony to the patient. It is a minimally invasive surgery that involves the use of a laparoscope which has an inbuilt camera and several long and thin surgical instruments. It is inserted into the body through small incisions. With this surgery, patients experience a much better post-operative pain control, short hospitalization, quick recovery period and better results. Nowadays, robotic technology is implemented in laparoscopic urologic procedure. Robotic surgery provides much better visualization and enhanced dexterity to the surgeon. Robotic technology has gained popularity especially in radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

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Overactive bladder or urge incontinence refers to strong, sudden need to urinate due to bladder spasms or contractions. The frequent need to urinate may occur during the day, at night, or both. If there is loss of bladder control then it is known as urge incontinence. The cause for it is still unknown. More than 40% of people with overactive bladder have incontinence.While about 40% to 70% of urinary incontinence is due to overactive bladder. It is not life-threatening. Most people with the condition have problems for years.

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This is generally a condition where organs, such as the uterus, falls down or slip out of place. It is used for organs protruding through the vagina or the rectum or for the misalignment of the valves of the heart. This can happen when the muscles that hold your pelvic organs in place get weak or stretched from childbirth or surgery. In many cases more than one organ can prolapse as well.

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Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin is too tight to retract back and reveal the glans or the head of the penis. A penis has two essential parts: the shafts and the head (also known as the glans). One continuous layer of skin, known as the foreskin, covers both the shaft and glans of a penis. A tight foreskin is common in male infants who are not circumcised, but it goes away at about 3 to 6 years of age. In adults, phimosis can occur due to some kind of injury or infection.

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Prostatitis is typically a condition that involves inflammation of the prostate and sometimes the area around it.

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Renal or kidney transplantation, is a surgery which involve implantation of a healthy donor kidney to a patient suffering from an end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There are two types of donors: Living Donor: Usually healthy individual has two kidneys and he can donate one kidney without any implication to his future life. If any healthy blood group matched relative of ESRD patient donate a kidney for him, it is called living kidney donation. Decease Donor: Organs taken from brain dead or sometime, cardiac death patients are used to give new life to patients suffering with end organ damage. Both kidneys of such brain death patients are used and two patients of ESRD are transplanted each kidney. Such transplantation is governed by NOTTO (National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organisation). Hospitals with transplant facilities maintain a waiting list of ESRD patients for this purpose. On the other hand, the kidney taken from a deceased donor is called a deceased donor kidney, and patients must get their names listed on the waiting list to get the chance for the transplant.

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It's a condition when semen in males enters the bladder instead of popping out through the penis during orgasm. Although one still reaches the peak of the sexual apex (orgasm) peak, ejaculation might occur with very little or no semen, which is called a Dry Orgasm. Scientifically, urine and ejaculation both pass through the urethra in males. There's a muscle near the neck of the bladder that holds urine until you're ready to urinate. During the orgasm, that same muscle shrinks (contracts) to keep ejaculate from entering the bladder, which allows it to flow through the urethra and the tip of your penis. But in Retrograde Ejaculation, this muscle fails to shrink. Because it stays relaxed and the ejaculate ends up entering the bladder only. Retrograde ejaculation is actually not harmful, but it can result in male infertility. It doesn't mean that your sperm aren't reachable; rather, infertility occurs because the sperm could not make it to the partner.

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An umbilical hernia occurs when a section of the intestine juts out of an opening or a weak area in the abdominal muscles near the navel. A hernia occurs when a part of an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or cavity. Umbilical hernias generally occur in infants, but they can also affect adults. In most cases, an umbilical hernia goes away on its own by the age of 3 or 4 years. However, if it doesn’t go away after four years, then your doctor may recommend surgery for it. Umbilical hernias can also occur in adults due to several factors and are more common in females. If you have Pain in the body while bending, coughing or exercising, heartburn, joint pain or pain in the area between the abdomen and the thigh this could be symptoms of inguinal hernia

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Varicocele is a condition where the blood vessels inside the scrotal sac of males enlarge, and fail to provide the required blood to the reproductive organs. It only occurs in the scrotum and is very similar to the varicose veins in the leg. A scrotum holds the testicles and contains the arteries and veins (pampiniform plexus) that deliver blood to the reproductive glands. A varicocele can cause a decrease in sperm count and its quality, which may also lead to infertility. However, not all varicoceles can affect sperm production. Varicocele can occur during puberty and is generally found on the left side of the scrotum.

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