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Internal Medicine

Internal Medicine

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Overview

Internal Medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective & non infective illnesses in adult patients. Internists (physicians) are skilled in managing patients who are suffering from undifferentiated or multi-system diseases.

Department of Internal Medicine is backbone of any hospital which takes care of admitted patients as well as patients coming in the ou patient department with a broader vision & expertise. Department of Internal Medicine provides comprehensive care with the help of its sub-specialities including emergency & critical care departments to patients with multiple organ systems involvement.

Thanks to our dedicated team of Internal Medicine consultants, our patients get the best treatment irrespective of disease complexity or rarity. Best practices are deployed in managing various communicable or infectious and noncommunicable diseases. These are mainly viral febrile illnesses like dengue, chikungunya, chicken pox, influenza etc., malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, liver abscess, urinary tract infections. Department also deals with noncommunicable chronic diseases like Diabetes, HTN, COPD, Bronchial Asthma, migraine, stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease, arthritis etc.

Internal medicine is a vast medical speciality that involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. It has various subspecialties that are as follows:

  • Cardiology deals with the diseases and disorders related to the heart. Some common conditions include heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease among others.
  • Endocrinology deals with issues related to the endocrine system, i.e., the system of glands that produces hormones like thyroid hormone, growth hormone and insulin. Some common conditions include diabetes and thyroid disease.
  • Pulmonology deals with the medical conditions related to the respiratory tract. Some pulmonological diseases are asthma, tuberculosis, lung cancer and more.
  • Gastroenterology deals with the defects and diseases of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tree. Some conditions that are treated are cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis and liver failure.
  • Nephrology deals with the diseases of kidneys. Nephrological conditions include kidney failure, kidney stones, hypertension, nephritis and chronic kidney diseases.
  • Infectious Diseases refer to the diseases that are caused by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Some infectious diseases are influenza, chicken pox, measles, dengue fever, tuberculosis, typhoid symptoms, malaria etc.
  • Rheumatology refer to diseases of joints & connective tissue that include rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Spondyloarthropathies etc.
  • Haematology deals with various conditions like anaemia, leukemia, lymphoma etc.

Here at Max Healthcare, we have excellent team of doctors who provide superior care & management. Our services are not just limited to the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases but also extend to create awareness about a healthy life style & prevention of non communicable diseases.

Internal Medicine: Condition & Treatments

Autoimmune Diseases

The immune system is a collection of special cells and chemicals that fight infection-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses. An autoimmune disorder occurs when a person's immune system mistakenly attacks their own body tissues like the skin or joints as foreign. This causes it to release proteins known as auto antibodies which attack the healthy cells. Autoimmune disorders are broadly grouped into two categories 'organ-specific' means one organ is affected, while in 'non-organ-specific' disorders, multiple organs or body systems may be affected. There are around 80 different autoimmune disorders ranging in severity from mild to disabling, depending on which system of the body is under attack and to what degree. For unknown reasons, women are more susceptible than men, particularly during their childbearing years. It is thought that sex hormones may be at least partly responsible. There is generally no cure, but the symptoms of autoimmune disorders can be managed.

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Common Cold

While the common cold may often be dismissed as a minor inconvenience, its impact on daily life and overall well-being should not be underestimated. Though typically non-critical, the common cold can significantly disrupt daily activities, causing discomfort and inconvenience to individuals of all ages. At Max Hospitals, we understand the importance of addressing even seemingly minor ailments with the utmost care and attention. With our team of experienced healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians, infectious disease specialists, and nurses, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive care for individuals suffering from the common cold. From accurate diagnosis to personalised treatment plans and supportive care, trust Max Hospitals to help you navigate through the challenges of the common cold, ensuring a swift recovery and optimal health.

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Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF), one of the most challenging genetic conditions, affects multiple organs, predominantly the lungs and digestive system. Its impact extends far beyond physical symptoms, deeply affecting the lives of individuals and their families. At Max Hospitals, we recognize the criticality of this condition and the urgent need for comprehensive care and support. With our multidisciplinary team of experts comprising pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, nutritionists, and specialised CF nurses, we are dedicated to providing compassionate and advanced care to patients battling CF. Our integrated approach combines cutting-edge treatments, personalised management plans, and ongoing support to improve the quality of life for individuals living with CF.

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Fever (Pyrexia)

Fever is generally a medical condition characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5 degree Celsius due to an increase in the temperature regulatory set-point. When body temperature increases, there is a feeling of cold despite an increasing body temperature. It can also be a symptom of other disease, like typhoid fever. If you feel the typhoid fever symptoms, you should consult doctor.

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Glycosuria

In glycosuria, glucose is excreted through the urine rather than being reabsorbed by the kidney. This happens when the kidneys fail to absorb sugars back into the bloodstream or when there's excess sugar in the blood. Hyperglycemia often develops as a result of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, enough insulin is not produced, while in type 2 diabetes, insulin becomes resistant to glucose. As a result, excessive sugar accumulates in the bloodstream and is excreted through the urine. In such cases, kidneys fail to reabsorb these high quantities of sugar and let them pass through the urine. Glycosuria occurs in the urine. For glucosuria to happen, the blood sugar concentration has to exceed 180 mg/dl. Interestingly, glycosuria may occur even when a person does not have diabetes. Such a case indicates impaired renal function. In addition, sugar may be present in the urine in isolation or with other substances. These substances include amino acids and uric acid—for instance, Fanconi syndrome, in which excess substances are excreted through the urine. People who have normal blood sugar levels, but take SGLT-2 inhibitors for diabetes, might also have glycosuria.

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Headache

A headache or cephalalgia refers to pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. Nine areas of the head and neck have these pain-sensitive structures, which are the cranium (the periosteum of the skull), muscles, nerves, arteries and veins, subcutaneous tissues, eyes, ears, sinuses and mucous membranes.

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Lactose Intolerance

Lactose is a sugar often found in milk and dairy products like cheese, ice cream, and other products. Since lactose is less sweet than sucrose, the additional lactose can be used in the products without making them further sweet. Lactose has a massive role in the confectionery industry in producing caramel flavours and in the pharmaceutical industry as the primary carrier for drugs because it is present in a highly refined form and makes good-quality tablets. Lactose intolerance is when an individual presents with digestive symptoms such as bloating, diarrhoea, and gas after consuming foods or drinks that are rich in lactose. This condition is also called lactose malabsorption. It is usually harmless, but the symptoms experienced by the individual can be uncomfortable. This condition runs in families and affects people of all age groups, including children and adults. Lactose intolerance occurs when the body's small intestine doesn't produce an adequate amount of a digestive enzyme called lactase. The main aim of lactase is to break down the lactose in the food so that it gets absorbed by the body. Types of Lactose Intolerance Following are the various types of lactose intolerance: Primary lactose intolerance: This is the most common form of lactose intolerance seen among individuals and is caused by a decrease in the production of Lactase with age. As a result, individuals lose the ability to absorb lactose in their bodies over time. This form of lactose intolerance may be genetic to some extent since it is more commonly noticed in some populations than others. Secondary lactose intolerance: This form of lactose intolerance occurs due to some other condition that targets the small intestine, where Lactase is produced. This is because the inflammation in the gut wall leads to a temporary decline in lactase production. Possible causes of secondary lactose intolerance include Crohn's disease Ageing Chemotherapy Celiac diseases Ulcerative colitis Congenital lactose intolerance: This form of lactose intolerance is a lifelong condition and is present among newborn babies. This is a rare, inherited condition in which both parents must possess the gene mutation for congenital lactose intolerance required for the infant to be born with this. These infants cannot breastfeed due to the presence of lactose content in breast milk, and this condition may even prove fatal if not detected early. Side effects may include severe diarrhoea and high calcium levels. Developmental lactose intolerance: This lactose intolerance occurs in infants, too and is typically noticed in premature babies. They are born before their digestive system is fully developed and functional, and it causes symptoms like digestive distress.This condition typically settles slowly on its own as the baby grows, but meanwhile, the infant requires lactose-free formula rather than breast milk. Lactose Intolerance Symptoms The various signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance usually occur from half an hour to 2 hours after consuming foods rich in lactose. The most commonly seen signs and symptoms are as follows: Nausea Pain in the abdomen Bloating Diarrhoea Gas Growling sounds in the stomach Vomiting Stomach cramps Flatulence Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis Following tests can help the doctor to detect lactose intolerance. These comprise of: Lactose Tolerance Test: This test checks the absorption of lactose by the digestive system. The patient is asked to remain on an empty stomach and not to consume or drink anything for about 8 hours before the test. During the test, the patient is made to drink a liquid which contains lactose. Some blood samples will be taken over 2 hours. These will detect the blood sugar (blood glucose) level. If these levels don't rise, patients may be lactose intolerant. Hydrogen Breath Test: The patient is made to drink a liquid containing an adequate amount of lactose, and afterwards, his breath will be checked several times. High levels of hydrogen in the breath indicate that the patient is lactose intolerant. Stool Acidity Test: This test is used for infants and young children and depicts the amount of acid in the stool. If any individual is not digesting lactose, their stool will have traces of lactic acid, glucose, and other fatty acids. Lactose Intolerance Treatment Ideally, the treatment of this condition depends on the cause of lactose intolerance. However, for congenital lactase deficiency, no such treatment is required. If any injury is caused to the small intestine, the doctors treat the underlying cause of the injury. In the case of developmental lactose intolerance, the condition resolves on its own, and no specific alteration in the diet is required. In other cases, the amount of discomfort caused due to lactose intolerance can be controlled by following a low-lactose diet. These include: Consumption of lactose-reduced milk or ice cream Limitation of other dairy products Addition of powder lactase enzyme in the milk for the breakdown of lactose Maintainance of excellent and healthy nutrition is essential among patients with lactose intolerance. The intake of the following things can achieve it: Cereals Juices Oranges Broccoli and green vegetables Salmon Nuts and Almonds Probiotics can be administered as supplements, either in capsule form or even yoghurt, for various gastrointestinal conditions like Diarrhoea and Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome. These also help in the digestion of lactose. Lactose Intolerance Risk factors Factors responsible for making children more prone to lactose intolerance include: Increasing Age: Lactose intolerance usually appears in adulthood and is uncommon in babies and young children. Ethnicity: Lactose intolerance is often seen in people of African, Asian, Hispanic and American Indian descent. Premature Birth: In premature infants, there are low levels of Lactase because of the fact that the small intestine doesn't develop lactase-producing cells. They only do so late in the third trimester. Diseases Targeting the Small Intestine: Minor intestine diseases leading to lactose intolerance comprise bacterial overgrowth, celiac disease and Crohn's disease. Certain Cancer Treatments: If the patient has undergone radiation therapy for cancer in the stomach region or in case of intestinal complications from chemotherapy, the risk of developing lactose intolerance increases. Outlook Lactose intolerance generally includes a common set of symptoms caused by a deficiency in Lactase. These symptoms appear after the consumption of foods rich in lactose. Individuals remain concerned about the limitations regarding milk and dairy product intake. However, there are plenty of food and beverages and few treatment options to cure these symptoms and enjoy a healthy life.  Reviewed & Updated On Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Dhall, Director, Internal Medicine on 18-July-2023. Related Blogs What to Eat in Loose Motion - Do's and Dont's Flatulence Gastric Problem Causes, Symptoms & Treatment How Good is Soya Milk and Other Milk Available in Market Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children: What a Parent Needs to Know Chronic Abdominal Pain in Children

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Leprosy

Leprosy is also known as Hansen’s disease. It is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. It commonly affects the mucous membranes, nerves, eyes, and skin. Leprosy lesions have disfigured sores that contain contagious fluid. This disease causes severe nerve damage. Leprosy has been common in people since ancient times and exists to date. For years, the affected individuals were isolated from others due to a poor understanding of the disease. However, better treatment options are available today, and the need for quarantine is non-obligatory. Leprosy affects people of all ages. However, it is more commonly seen in 5-15 years of age and those over 30. Even though leprosy is contagious, people contract it only after prolonged contact or contact with infected mouth droplets of untreated individuals. However, the exact mechanism of spread needs to be better understood. In addition, this disease affects children more commonly than adults. The bacterium likely transmits through airborne droplets when an infected individual sneezes or coughs. Leprosy does not spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, sexual contact, or others. In addition, most people have a natural immunity to Mycobacterium leprae. Types of Leprosy Leprosy can be defined based on the number and type of skin sores present and based on its type, the symptoms and treatment differ. Following are the different types of leprosy: Tuberculoid: It is also known as paucibacillary leprosy. It is a mild, less severe form of leprosy. Its symptoms include one or few patches of flat and pale-coloured skin. This condition damages the nerve, making the skin feel numb. This type is less contagious than the lepromatous form. Lepromatous: This type is also known as multibacillary leprosy. It is a more severe type of disease. Widespread numbness, skin bumps, rashes, and weakness in the muscle characterise it. Other organs, such as the kidneys, nose, and male reproductive organs, may also be involved. It is more contagious than the tuberculoid type. Borderline: People diagnosed with this type show symptoms of both tuberculoid and lepromatous types. Symptoms of Hansen's disease The primary symptoms of Hansen's disease or leprosy include: Muscle weakness Numbness in the hands, feet, arms and legs Skin lesions. Due to skin lesions, the nerves underneath are damaged, resulting in loss of sensation such as touch, temperature, or pain. These lesions remain unhealed for weeks and appear lighter than the skin tone. However, some lesions may appear red due to inflammation Leprosy may also affect the brain, spinal cord, eyes and inner tissue lining of the nose. Other symptoms include: Disfiguring skin sores Lumps or bumps that remain unhealed for several weeks or months Painless wounds or burns that appear on the hands and feet Thick or stiff skin Nasal congestion Nosebleeds Enlarged peripheral nerves Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows Advanced stage of Leprosy shows the following symptoms: Paralysis Vision loss Chronic ulcers at the bottom of the feet that don't heal. Disfigurement of the nose Permanent damage to the hands and feet Shortening of the fingers and toes The incubation period of Mycobacterium leprae bacteria is about three to five years. Moreover, in some cases, it may take up to two decades. It thus becomes difficult for healthcare providers to predict the onset of the disease. Causes of Leprosy Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae. This condition is contagious and is known to spread through infected mucosal secretions coughed or sneezed by an infected individual. However, the condition is not highly contagious. It does not spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, sexual contact, or others. In addition, most people have a natural immunity to Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium multiplies very slowly and has an incubation period of three to five years. In some patients, it may manifest after decades. Risk factors for Leprosy The most important risk factors for contracting leprosy are close contact with untreated and active multibacillary disease patients. Among those cases, the chances of spread are highest in people diagnosed with the subtype of lepromatous leprosy. This condition is an endemic disease. Some endemic regions for leprosy include Angola, Brazil, India, Kiribati, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the United Republic of Tanzania. Other risk factors include: Age group between 5 and 15 as well as over 30 Genetic variants of the NOD2-mediated signalling pathway Armadillo contact Tattoos Immunosuppression Vertical transmission from the mother Diagnosis of Leprosy Healthcare providers first record medical history and any symptoms that the patient has been experiencing. Then, if they suspect Hansen's disease, they might advise a skin biopsy. This procedure requires a small sample of the suspected tissue and part of the healthy tissue for microscopic examination. In addition, doctors may prescribe a skin smear test. The results for different forms of leprosy are as follows: Paucibacillary leprosy: No bacteria in the sample. Multibacillary leprosy: Bacteria are present. A lepromin skin test may be performed to diagnose the type of leprosy. In this test, a small amount of inactive M. leprae is injected underneath the skin. At the end of three days and 28 days, the injected spot is looked for a reaction. People who show a positive reaction may have tuberculoid or borderline leprosy, while those with lepromatous leprosy or no leprosy will not react to the test. Treatment WHO developed a multidrug therapy to treat Hansen's disease. It is a combination of multiple antibiotics that kill the bacteria causing leprosy. These antibiotics include: Dapsone (Aczone) Rifampin (Rifadin) Clofazimine (Lamprene) Minocycline (Minocin) Ofloxacin (Ocuflox) Along with the above medications, anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, prednisone or thalidomide are prescribed. The entire treatment lasts for more than one or two years. Complications Leprosy, if left untreated, can cause several complications. These include: Permanent damage to the arms, legs, skin, nerves, feet, and eyes Blindness or glaucoma Iritis Disfiguration of the face, such as swelling, bumps, and lumps Erectile dysfunction Infertility in men Kidney failure Hair loss Infertility Muscle weakness causing claw-like hands or difficulty in flexing feet Permanent damage to the inner lining of the nose, causing nosebleeds and stuffy nose Permanent nerve damage causes loss of sensation such as touch, pain or temperature Prevention To prevent contracting leprosy, one must avoid long-term and close contact with untreated leprosy patients. What’s the long-term outlook? The prognosis is better if your Leprosy doctor detects Hansen's disease initially before it worsens. Early intervention prevents the disease's progression, stops more tissue damage, and averts potentially dangerous health issues. The diagnosis is often worse when the diagnosis is made later when the person has suffered considerable damage or handicap. To stop the disease from spreading to other people and to stop the body from suffering additional harm, appropriate treatment is still required. Despite a successful course of antibiotics, there may still be long-term medical issues, but your doctor can work with you to give the right therapy to help you deal with and manage any lingering issues. Review Reviewed by Dr Vandana Boobna, Associate Director, Internal Medicine.

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Loose Motion (Diarrhea)

Loose motions or Diarrhoea is characterised by having three or more loose, semi-formed or liquid bowel movements in a day. Diarrhoea that lasts for a few days is called acute diarrhoea and is easily treatable, but in some cases, loose motions that persist for 3 weeks or more are called chronic diarrhoea. The major cause of concern during loose motions is the development of dehydration (loss of fluids and electrolytes). Chronic diarrhoea can also lead to malabsorption of nutrients. Untreated diarrhoea in developing countries may be a common cause of death, and it is the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide.

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Rectal Tenesmus

Rectal tenesmus is a condition when someone feels that the bowel is not empty even after passing the stool. In such conditions, patients might not feel comfortable while bowel movements due to continuous strain and cramping. Rectal tenesmus is not often considered a disorder but it's more of a symptom that might indicate other health issues. In most cases, Rectal tenesmus indicates other health disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, parasitism, haemorrhoids and others. One should seek medical assistance if the condition resists for a long time. A proper diagnosis of Rectal tenesmus is needed to know the actual cause of the condition. Rectal Tenesmus Symptoms: Several underlying symptoms are associated with Rectal tenesmus are discussed underneath: A patient can feel a constant urge for passing stool. One might feel the urgency as well during bowel movement Cramping and discomfort during bowel movements is another major symptom Pain in the rectal area is also common One can notice significant changes in stool amount that will be small in amount A sensation of being unable to pass stools completely A patient with Rectal tenesmus might often need to pass stool even if the bowel is empty. Patients with such conditions often complain about discomfort and cramping during bowel movements. Besides those, in some cases pain in the stomach and rectal bleeding is noticeable. One should not ignore those above-mentioned symptoms if they stay for long. However, in case of high fever, severe rectal bleeding, vomiting, or nausea, patients should seek immediate help from the doctors. Rectal Tenesmus Causes: As per the studies, the real cause of Rectal tenesmus is still not clear. Doctors often find it difficult to understand the main cause. Some of the major underlining cause of Rectal tenesmus has been discussed below: Problem with nerves: Several studies show that bowel inflammation may lead to issues in nerves that are related to waste excretion. These nerves may send an erroneous signal to the brain when it's become overstimulated. Due to this, patients may feel a frequent urge to passing stool. Overstimulated nerves may trigger the gut muscle that involves in pushing out the stools. Bowel damage: Damages or scars in the bowel can be another potential reason for Rectal tenesmus. Due to the diarrhoea or severe constipation bowel tissues often get scars that lead to Rectal tenesmus. Patients might also feel discomfort or pain while passing the stool. As per the studies, Rectal tenesmus is a sign that shows the inability of the digestive system The digestive system might hamper due to several health conditions such as inflammation, bowel damage, nerve issues etc. however, other health conditions can evoke the chances of Rectal tenesmus Severe or chronic constipation Celiac disease Chronic diarrhoea Disorders of the pelvic floor Colitis Haemorrhoid In some cases, rectal cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer might also be the reason behind inflammation or damage in the bowel that led to Rectal tenesmus. Besides that, diarrhoea or haemorrhoid can also be a possible cause. Rectal Tenesmus Diagnosis: Patients with Rectal tenesmus should seek professional assistance in case the problem resists for long. During the diagnosis medical specialist might ask a few questions to the patient such as family history, current symptoms and medical history of the patient. However, several tests might be recommended by the doctor Physical exam: to check the inflammation or any kind of abnormalities around the rectum area, physical tests are significant. These help the doctors to understand the situation well. A digital rectal exam might be suggested by the doctors that will help them to know if any infection, haemorrhoids or unwanted growths are there in the anus. Lab tests: Besides physical tests, doctors might suggest blood and stool tests that help in narrowing the number of causes associated with Rectal tenesmus. A complete blood count test (CBC) is one of the tests recommended by doctors to know the count of red and white blood cells. To detect blood in the stool. a Faecal occult blood test is considered by the doctors. Following this, a stool culture test is also suggested to know the presence of bacteria in the stool. The chances of gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia can be examined through STI screening. Rectal Tenesmus Treatment: After conducting a successful diagnosis, Rectal tenesmus can be treated efficiently. By knowing the exact cause of Rectal tenesmus, doctors can eliminate other possible origins. Due to the variety of causes, the procedure of Rectal tenesmus is also quite diverse. In the case of celiac disease, a patient needs to shift to the gluten-free diet Stool softeners and a high fibre diet can be suggested if the patient is suffering from constipation or diverticular disease For diarrhoea antidiarrheals medication recommended by the doctors Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer might be suggested to take radiation therapy or undergo a surgery To treat STIs doctors recommend antibiotics medication. If the patient is going through IBS, consuming a high fibre diet is a good option along with antispasmodics (with taking the doctor's suggestion) Rectal Tenesmus Complication: Studies show that Rectal tenesmus is more of a symptom rather than a disorder and in most cases. Rectal tenesmus occurs due to other healthcare conditions. Rectal tenesmus often indicates diverse ranges of health conditions. Due to this, one should take advice from medical professionals if the symptoms don't go away. Proper screening and diagnosis are important to consider to know the actual cause. Avoidance in treatment can lead to serious complications such as IBS, haemorrhoids. colitis, diarrhoea etc. Rectal Tenesmus Risk factors: Several risk factors might occur due to Rectal tenesmus if it's not treated. Most of the cases suggest that Rectal tenesmus occurs due to other health disorders that make it more vulnerable. One should ensure proper diagnosis of Rectal tenesmus to know the health issue behind this. Delaying in this can evoke the chances of more complex issues. Rectal Tenesmus Prognosis: Rectal tenesmus is known to be a sign of bowel movement. With proper and timely treatment, one can get relief from this condition. However, delaying this can worsen the situation. Improvement in lifestyle along with considering balanced diet is necessary. Review  Reviewed By Dr Ashish Vashistha- Senior Director & HOD - General Surgery & Robotics on 03 Sept 2024.

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Stomach Ache (Abdominal Pain)

Stomach ache or abdominal pain is a common symptom associated with transient disorders or serious disease. There could be many reasons behind the onset of abdominal pain such as inflammation, distention of an organ, or by loss of bloody supply to an organ. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) may be caused by contraction of the intestinal muscles or hyper-sensitivity to normal intestinal activities. Sometime abdominal pains also cause due to bacterial infection like typhoid which also cause headache if you have abdominal pain it can also be a symptom of typhoid fever. 

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Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is an acute illness characterised by fever arising from the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. It can also be due to Salmonella paratyphi, being an associated bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are accumulated in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. The bacterium strives in the intestinal areas and bloodstream of humans. It circulates between individuals by direct contact with the faeces of an infected person. S. Typhi enters via the mouth and stays for about 1 to 3 weeks in the intestine area. After this, it passes along the wall of the intestine and finally into the circulatory system. From there, it moves into adjoining tissues and organs as well. The immune system of the individual is unable to fight back because S. Typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system. Typhoid fever is caused either by drinking or eating the bacteria which is present in contaminated water or food items. People with acute onset of infection can pollute the nearby water supply by means of stool, which has a high concentration of the bacteria. Contamination of the water supply can, in turn, taint the food supply. The bacteria can remain for weeks in water or dried sewage.

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Max Healthcare is home to 5000 eminent doctors in the world, most of whom are pioneers in their respective fields. Additionally, they are renowned for developing innovative and revolutionary clinical procedures.

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Max Healthcare is home to 5000 eminent doctors in the world, most of whom are pioneers in their respective fields. Additionally, they are renowned for developing innovative and revolutionary clinical procedures.

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Bronchitis is a common respiratory condition that can leave you battling persistent cough, chest discomfort, and fatigue. It occurs when the bronchial tubes, which carry air to the lungs, become inflamed and irritated, which can cause an array of problems. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is key to managing the condition and speeding up recovery. In this comprehensive guide, we break down everything you need to know about bronchitis—from what triggers it to how you can effectively treat it and prevent future flare-ups. By the end, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge to tackle bronchitis head-on. Let’s start by understanding the disorder.

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