Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a more severe form of dengue fever, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, commonly called yellow fever mosquitoes. As a prevalent viral disease in tropical and subtropical regions, its insidious nature and rapid onset often catch individuals unaware. The quick progression of DHF from mild flu-like symptoms to severe complications, marked by bleeding, plasma leakage, and organ impairment, makes ir a significant public health concern. Understanding its causes, symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment becomes paramount in combating this formidable ailment that continues to pose a considerable threat.

There are four types of dengue viruses, which can make diagnosis and treatment of DHF challenging at times. A person is susceptible to getting four types of dengue over their lifespan, and interestingly, only one strain of infection provides lifelong immunity but does not affect the chances of being infected by the other three types of dengue. It is essential to note that a second case of reinfection of the dengue virus can put one at more risk for DHF.

 In this blog, we'll delve into DHF, its symptoms, treatment, and prevention, starting with some basics.

What is Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever? 

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a specific form of dengue infection, primarily affecting children under the age of 10. This condition, sometimes known as Philippine, Thai, or Southeast Asian hemorrhagic fever, tends to occur more frequently in individuals who have had previous dengue virus infections.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Symptoms

The condition is called haemorrhagic fever because symptoms manifest in the vascular system- this raises the chances of internal bleeding and organ failure in severe cases. The start of the infection is characterised by high fevers, body aches, and joint pain, but the signs of a more serious condition include:

• Abdominal pain
• Breathing difficulties 
• Hemorrhagic manifestations (such as bruises, nosebleeds, bleeding gums and, in severe cases, melena, vaginal or intracranial bleeding)
• Change in temperature
• Vomiting and nausea
• Clammy hands
• Weak pulse
• Early signs of shock

These symptoms may occur after one shows signs of getting better. It can be fatal if not treated on time.

The illness lasts roughly 10 days. The initial 4-5 days are like any other viral fever, marked by weakness, fever, and body aches. The fever resolves around day 5, and the platelet counts drop afterwards. The patients must get platelet count checks daily for the next 3 days, and then days 6, 7, and 8. Recovery begins on days 9-10.

Read More- How Dengue Can Cause Hemorrhagic Fever

4 Grades of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) can be classified into four progressive grades based on the severity of symptoms. These grades are essential for diagnosis and treatment:

• Grade I: This is the mildest form of DHF. It involves fever and nonspecific constitutional symptoms. At this stage, there might be a positive tourniquet test, which is a test used to predict hemorrhagic tendencies by applying a blood pressure cuff. Minor hemorrhagic manifestations, like skin bruising, may also be observed.
• Grade II: In addition to the symptoms associated with Grade I, spontaneous bleeding can occur at this level, often seen as skin haemorrhages or bleeding from the gums or nose.
• Grade III: Also known as Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), this grade involves a progression to circulatory failure, evidenced by a rapid and weak pulse, narrow pulse pressure, or hypotension, with cold, clammy skin and restlessness.
• Grade IV: This is the most severe form of the disease and represents profound shock. The patient is close to death, with undetectable blood pressure or pulse.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Diagnosis

When a patient presents with typical dengue fever symptoms, doctors will assess for potential signs of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The evaluation includes the following steps:

• Monitoring the patient's blood pressure.
• Examination of the patient's skin, lymph nodes, and eyes.
• Conducting blood tests and coagulation (process of blood clot formation) studies.
• Chest X-rays, if necessary.

Furthermore, doctors may inquire about the patient's family medical history and lifestyle, as well as any recent travel. After a thorough assessment, if the clinical signs align with DHF, the doctor can make a diagnosis and proceed with the appropriate treatment.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Treatment

Since dengue is a viral infection, the focus is on alleviating the symptoms rather than treating the infection. The treatment for DHF generally requires hospitalisation. However, some treatment options include:

• Ensuring that the patient is hydrated and well-rested
• Using Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief
• Platelet infusion if platelet levels are dangerously low
• If the patient suffers from extreme dehydration, IV fluids may be administered.

If DHF is not managed appropriately, it can cause one to experience dengue shock syndrome, which can be fatal.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Prevention 

Preventing dengue hemorrhagic fever entails reducing the risk of contracting the dengue virus and minimising the chances of severe complications. Here are some key preventive measures:

• Regular use of mosquito repellants.
• Use mosquito nets while sleeping, especially in areas with high dengue transmissions.
• Ensuring proper sanitation and hygiene- stagnant water is an ideal source for mosquitoes to breed in. Eliminating those can help reduce transmissions.
• Wear long clothing such as pants and long-sleeved shirts that cover the arms and legs.

Final Words

In conclusion, dengue hemorrhagic fever represents a critical manifestation of the dengue virus infection, necessitating prompt and comprehensive medical intervention. The complexities of DHF require advanced medical facilities that are well-equipped to manage its severity. For those in need of immediate and expert care, Max Healthcare offers state-of-the-art treatment options and a team of specialists ready to provide the necessary care. Early recognition of symptoms and timely treatment at a Max Healthcare hospital can significantly enhance recovery prospects and minimise the potential for serious complications. If you or a loved one are exhibiting symptoms suggestive of DHF, do not hesitate to reach out to Max Healthcare for trusted medical support.