Adenocarcinoma Treatment in Delhi, India

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the glandular cells of various organs in the body. These glandular cells are responsible for producing mucus, fluids, or other substances. Adenocarcinomas can occur in many different organs, including the lungs, prostate, breast, colon, stomach, and pancreas, among others. The specific symptoms and treatment options for adenocarcinoma can vary depending on the organ affected and the stage of the cancer.

Adenocarcinoma can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body. Here are some common types of adenocarcinoma, each associated with the specific organ or tissue where it originates:

Breast Adenocarcinoma

Breast adenocarcinoma arises in the glandular tissue of the breast and is the most common type of breast cancer.

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Colorectal adenocarcinoma affects the colon or rectum and is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide.

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

It occurs in the lining of the oesophagus, the tube between the throat and the stomach.

Lung Adenocarcinoma

This type of cancer develops in the glands of the lungs. It is the most common form of lung cancer and tends to occur in non-smokers and former smokers.

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

This type of cancer develops in the cells of the pancreas, an organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes and hormones.

Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Prostate adenocarcinoma arises in the prostate gland, a part of the male reproductive system. It is the most common cancer among men.

Stomach (Gastric) Adenocarcinoma

Stomach adenocarcinoma originates in the cells of the stomach lining and is often associated with chronic gastritis and infection with Helicobacter pylori.

These are just a few examples of the many types of adenocarcinoma that can develop in various organs and tissues throughout the body. The specific treatment and prognosis for each type of adenocarcinoma depend on its location, stage, and other individual factors.

Adenocarcinoma symptoms may vary depending upon the specific location in the body where the cancer develops.

Breast Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

Typically, this cancer is detected in its early stages through mammograms before noticeable symptoms develop. However, some warning signs may include:

• Changes in breast shape or size.
• Breast swelling.
• Red or flaky skin.
• Bloody discharge from the nipple.
• Dimpled or uneven skin.

Colorectal (Colon) Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

Colorectal (colon) cancer symptoms may not be apparent if the tumour is small. While colorectal cancer often causes stool bleeding, it may not be visible. Watch for other signs such as:

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Gas or bloating
• Unexplained weight loss
• Anemia

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

An early warning sign of esophageal cancer often manifests as persistent difficulty with swallowing, which may be accompanied by discomfort or pain. Additional symptoms may include:

• Chest pain, pressure, or burning sensation.
• Heartburn or indigestion
• Coughing
• Hoarseness

Lung Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

A chronic cough is typically the first symptom. You may cough up with traces of blood. Additional symptoms can include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Chest pain
• Wheezing
• Hoarseness
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

Most individuals with pancreatic cancer do not experience symptoms until the disease reaches an advanced stage. The initial warning signs may include stomach pain and weight loss, along with other symptoms like:

• Heartburn
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating
• Loss of appetite
• Back pain
• Floating stools

Prostate Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

In its early stages, men often do not exhibit obvious symptoms. However, in advanced stages, you may experience:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urination

Stomach Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

The initial indication of stomach cancer is often subtle and includes vague symptoms such as

• Stomach pain
• Feeling full after eating small amounts of food.
• Difficulty swallowing
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Heartburn or indigestion

The causes and risk factors for various types of adenocarcinoma can vary, and it's important to note that the development of cancer is often influenced by a combination of factors, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Here are the causes and risk factors associated with the specific types of adenocarcinoma you mentioned:

Breast Adenocarcinoma

• Gender: Being a woman is the most significant risk factor, as breast cancer is much more common in women.
• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly in women over 50.
• Family History: A family history of breast cancer, especially in close relatives, can increase the risk.
• Inherited Gene Mutations: Certain gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk.
• Hormone Replacement Therapy: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be a risk factor.
• Reproductive Factors: Early menstruation, late menopause, and having your first child at an older age can increase risk.

Colorectal (Colon) Adenocarcinoma

• Age: Risk increases with age, particularly in individuals over 50.
• Family History: A family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions like Lynch syndrome can increase risk.
• Polyps: Presence of precancerous polyps in the colon.
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Conditions like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis can increase the risk.
• Diet and Lifestyle: A diet high in red and processed meats, low fibre, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption can be risk factors.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese is a risk factor.

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux and Barrett's oesophagus, a condition linked to GERD, are major risk factors.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese.
• Smoking: Smoking tobacco is a known risk factor.
• Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption.
• Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed foods may increase risk.
• Age and Gender: It is more common in men and usually diagnosed in people over 50.

Lung Adenocarcinoma

• Tobacco Smoke: Smoking, including both active and passive exposure, is the leading cause of lung cancer.
• Radon Gas: Exposure to radon gas, a radioactive gas that can be found in homes, can increase risk.
• Occupational Exposures: Exposure to carcinogens like asbestos, arsenic, and certain chemicals.
• Family History: A family history of lung cancer can increase risk.
• Age: Risk increases with age.

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

• Tobacco Use: Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer.
• Age: The risk increases with age, and it's most common in individuals over 45.
• Family History: A family history of pancreatic cancer or certain genetic syndromes can increase risk.
• Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is associated with a higher risk.
• Chronic Pancreatitis: A history of chronic inflammation of the pancreas.
• Diet: A diet high in red and processed meats, and low in fruits and vegetables, may be a risk factor.

Prostate Adenocarcinoma

• Age: The risk increases with age, especially in men over 50.
• Family History: A family history of prostate cancer can increase risk.
• Race: African American men are at higher risk.
• Diet: A diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables may be a risk factor.
• Hormone Levels: High levels of certain hormones, such as testosterone, may contribute to risk.

Stomach Adenocarcinoma

• Helicobacter Pylori Infection: This bacterium is a major risk factor for stomach cancer.
• Diet: A diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods and low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk.
• Smoking: Smoking tobacco.
• Family History: A family history of stomach cancer can be a risk factor.
• Age and Gender: It is more common in older adults and is more prevalent in men.

It's essential to understand that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee the development of cancer, and many people with risk factors never develop the disease. Regular screenings, a healthy lifestyle, and early detection can play a crucial role in reducing the risk of cancer and improving outcomes.

Diagnosing adenocarcinoma involves a variety of tests and procedures that can vary depending on the location of the cancer in the body. For instance, breast cancer is often identified in its early stages through routine mammogram screenings, while prostate cancer is frequently detected using a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test or a digital rectal exam (DRE). Similarly, colon cancer is diagnosed through a colonoscopy, and bronchoscopy is employed for identifying adenocarcinoma of the lung.

In general, the diagnostic tests commonly used may include:

Biopsy

This procedure entails the removal of a sample of abnormal tissue from the body. A pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to determine the presence of cancer. Additionally, a biopsy can help establish whether the cancer originated at the biopsy site or if it has metastasized from another part of the body.

CT Scan

A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging technique that provides detailed three-dimensional X-ray images of abnormal tissue within the body. CT scans are utilised for staging as well as for response assessment. 

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

MRI employs radiofrequency waves to create comprehensive cross-sectional images of various body parts.

Tumor Markers

Laboratory tests are employed to identify specific chemicals in the blood that may be associated with different types of adenocarcinomas.

Given the diverse locations where adenocarcinoma can develop, the selection of diagnostic tests is tailored to the specific circumstances of the patient, helping healthcare professionals confirm the presence of cancer and devise an appropriate treatment plan.

The treatment for adenocarcinoma varies depending on its location in the body and may encompass several approaches:

Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for adenocarcinoma, involving the removal of cancerous glandular tissue and nearby structures. Minimally invasive surgical techniques may be employed when feasible to enhance recovery and minimise infection risks.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy employs drugs to eradicate cancer cells, and it can be administered systemically or localised to a specific area.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is frequently combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Modern radiation techniques utilise imaging guidance to precisely target adenocarcinoma tumours while sparing healthy surrounding tissues and organs.

Targeted Therapy

In contrast to chemotherapy, which affects both healthy and cancerous cells, Targeted therapy specifically focuses on certain markers expressed by cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy does not directly attack cancer cells but instead alerts the body's immune system to the presence of abnormal cells, prompting the body's immune response to combat the cancer.

Q1. How common are Adenocarcinoma cancers?

Adenocarcinomas are among the most common types of cancer, as they can occur in different organs. The prevalence and incidence rates vary based on the specific organ involved.

Q2. What stage of cancer is Adenocarcinoma?

Adenocarcinoma, like other types of cancer, can be staged to determine the extent of its spread. Staging typically ranges from stage 0 (in situ, where the cancer has not invaded surrounding tissues) to stage IV (advanced cancer that has spread to distant organs).

Q3. How does Adenocarcinoma affect my body?

The impact of adenocarcinoma on the body depends on its location, size, stage, and other factors. It can lead to various symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, weight loss, and organ-specific symptoms.

Q4. Can Adenocarcinoma spread to other parts of my body?

Yes, adenocarcinoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early. The likelihood of metastasis depends on the cancer's stage and type.

Q5. How do I know if I have Adenocarcinoma?

Adenocarcinoma is diagnosed through medical tests and procedures, including imaging, biopsies, and blood tests. If you suspect you have adenocarcinoma or are at risk, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Q6. Is stage 1 Adenocarcinoma curable?

Stage 1 adenocarcinoma, is often curable with appropriate treatment. The prognosis depends on various factors, including the cancer's location and the patient's overall health.

Q7. What does differentiation mean?

Differentiation refers to how closely cancer cells resemble normal, healthy cells under a microscope. Well-differentiated cancer cells look more like normal cells, while poorly differentiated ones look very different. The degree of differentiation can affect the cancer's aggressiveness and prognosis.

Q8. Can Adenocarcinoma be cured?

The curability of adenocarcinoma depends on factors like its stage, location, and how well it responds to treatment. Some cases are curable, while others may be managed as a chronic condition.

Q9. Is Chemo necessary for Adenocarcinoma?

The use of chemotherapy depends on the specific type and stage of adenocarcinoma. It is one of the treatment options, but not all patients with adenocarcinoma will receive chemotherapy. Treatment decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.

Q10. What are the side effects of treatment?

The side effects of cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, can vary widely but may include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and immune system suppression. The specific side effects depend on the treatment type and individual factors.

Q11. How can I take care of myself during treatment?

It's essential to work closely with your healthcare team, follow their recommendations, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and seek support from friends and family. Proper nutrition, exercise, and stress management can also help.

Q12. How long does Adenocarcinoma treatment usually take?

The duration of treatment varies widely depending on the type and stage of adenocarcinoma, the chosen treatment modalities, and the patient's response to treatment. Some treatments may last a few weeks, while others can extend over several months or more.

Q13. How can I reduce my risk for adenocarcinoma?

Reducing the risk of adenocarcinoma depends on the specific organ involved. In general, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and getting regular screenings can help reduce the risk.

Q14. Is Adenocarcinoma fatal?

Adenocarcinoma can be fatal, particularly if diagnosed at an advanced stage or if it has metastasized. However, many cases are curable or manageable, especially when detected early and treated effectively.

Q15. What is Metastatic Adenocarcinoma?

Metastatic adenocarcinoma refers to cancer that has spread from its primary site to other parts of the body, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is considered an advanced and more challenging stage of cancer.

Q16. Where do Metastatic Aenocarcinomas spread?

Metastatic adenocarcinomas can spread to various organs and tissues, depending on the primary cancer's origin. Common sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, bones, and brain.

Q17. What causes Metastatic Adenocarcinoma?

The development of metastatic adenocarcinoma is primarily caused by the ability of cancer cells to break away from the primary tumour, travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and establish new tumours in distant organs. The specific factors influencing metastasis are complex and can vary between individuals and cancer types.

Q18. What are the various types of adenocarcinoma cancer treatments offered at Max Cancer hospitals in Delhi?

Max Cancer hospitals in Delhi offer various types of adenocarcinoma cancer treatments, including but not limited to:

• Breast cancer treatment
• Gastric cancer treatment
• Lung cancer treatment
• Esophageal cancer treatment
• Pancreatic cancer treatment
• Prostate cancer treatment
• Colorectal cancer treatment

Reviewed by Prof.(Dr.) Atul Sharma, Vice Chairman - Medical Oncology, Cancer Care / Oncology on 18 Mar 2024.