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Leukaemia is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition with varying severity. It can progress rapidly in acute forms or more slowly in chronic forms. Given the critical nature of this condition, at Max Hospitals, we are dedicated to providing specialised care, leveraging our experienced medical team and advanced treatments to address leukaemia comprehensively and improve patient outcomes.
Equipped with the latest diagnostic tools and innovative therapies, our multidisciplinary team comprising oncologists, haematologists, radiologists, and other specialists works in tandem to develop individualised treatment plans for patients. Moreover, we recognize the significance of providing extensive support and enduring care to improve the quality of life for our patients. This commitment is reflected in our diverse support services, encompassing pain management, palliative care, and support groups, ensuring a comprehensive approach to care throughout the entirety of the patient's journey.
Leukaemia is a form of cancer that originates in the blood and bone marrow. It involves the abnormal growth of white blood cells, impacting the body's ability to produce healthy blood cells. Leukaemia can affect people of all ages and may vary in its severity and progression.
Leukaemia, a form of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, is systematically classified by doctors, taking into account the speed at which the disease progresses and the specific type of cells involved. This classification helps guide treatment decisions and provides valuable insights into the nature of leukaemia.
Acute leukaemia is characterised by a rapid and aggressive progression of the disease. The abnormal cells, often immature and undeveloped, rapidly multiply and replace normal blood cells in the bone marrow. This form of leukaemia requires prompt and intensive medical intervention.
Chronic leukaemia involves a slower and more gradual progression of the disease. The abnormal cells are usually mature but fail to function properly. The gradual overproduction of these cells may not result in immediate, noticeable symptoms, and treatment approaches may vary based on the specific type of chronic leukaemia.
Lymphocytic leukaemia affects lymphoid cells, specifically lymphocytes. These cells are a crucial part of the body's immune system, forming lymphoid or lymphatic tissue. In lymphocytic leukaemia, abnormal lymphocytes crowd out healthy cells, impacting the body's ability to fight infections.
Myelogenous leukaemia involves the abnormal growth of myeloid cells. These cells give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells. In myelogenous leukaemia, the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells disrupts normal blood cell production, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.
Leukaemia can be divided into several types. Here are the most common ones.
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia primarily affects lymphoid cells, particularly lymphocytes. This type is more prevalent in children but can occur in adult
Acute myelogenous leukaemia affects myeloid cells and can occur in both adults and children. It is characterised by the rapid proliferation of immature myeloid cells.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia primarily affects mature lymphocytes and is more commonly diagnosed in older adults.
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia involves the gradual overproduction of mature myeloid cells. It is often diagnosed in adults.
Beyond the major types, there are less common subtypes and variants of leukaemia with unique characteristics.
While the exact trigger for leukaemia remains unknown, scientists believe it arises from a complex interplay between an individual’s genes and the environment. The DNA, which governs everything from the colour of the eyes to the way cells divide, can undergo mutations. In some unfortunate cases, these mutations occur within blood cells in the bone marrow, instructing them to multiply uncontrollably. These atypical cells, devoid of the programmed death cycle their healthy counterparts follow, begin to overpopulate the bone marrow, crowding out healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
This imbalance is the underlying cause of leukaemia's diverse symptoms, from fatigue and anaemia to frequent infections and internal bleeding. While pinpointing the precise environmental factors contributing to these mutations remains an ongoing quest, researchers suspect exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, and even some viruses may play a role. This intricate interplay between genetics and environment underscores the complexity of leukaemia and the ongoing research efforts to unravel its secrets.
While the exact cause of leukaemia is often not known, there are several risk factors that have been identified. Here are some common risk factors associated with leukaemia:
It's important to note that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop leukaemia, and some people with leukaemia have no known risk factors.
Leukaemia symptoms can vary depending on the type of leukaemia, the stage of the disease, and individual factors. Here are common symptoms associated with leukaemia:
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other medical conditions, and having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has leukaemia. However, if one experiences persistent or worsening symptoms, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis.
The diagnosis of leukaemia typically involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. Here is an overview of the steps involved in the diagnosis of leukaemia:
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, further testing may be done to determine the specific subtype of leukaemia and its genetic characteristics. The results of these diagnostic tests help oncologists develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to the individual's type and stage of leukaemia.
Leukaemia treatment depends on various factors, including the type of leukaemia, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific characteristics of the leukaemia cells.
Leukaemia develops when abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably in the blood or bone marrow.
Leukaemia can be aggressive, especially acute forms, but the severity varies by type and individual factors.
Leukaemia disrupts normal blood cell production, leading to symptoms like fatigue, infections, and bleeding. Complications may include anaemia and increased susceptibility to infections.
Survival rates vary, with factors like age, overall health, and specific subtype influencing outcomes.
Some types may have a genetic predisposition, but most cases are not directly inherited.
Leukaemia primarily affects the blood and bone marrow; however, severe cases can lead to complications impacting other organs.
Leukaemia types, treatment approaches, and outcomes can differ between children and adults.
At Max Hospital, support for leukaemia patients and their families includes comprehensive medical guidance, counselling services, patient advocacy groups, and assistance with practical and emotional challenges.
Chronic leukaemia progresses more slowly, often managed with ongoing treatment, while acute leukaemia requires immediate and aggressive intervention.
Indicators include abnormal blood cell counts, presence of blast cells, and characteristic changes observed in imaging studies.
Risk factors include age, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, genetic factors, and pre-existing conditions.
Side effects vary but may include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and increased susceptibility to infections.
No, life expectancy after a leukaemia diagnosis depends on several factors, including the type and stage of leukaemia, patient’s age and overall health, and response to treatment. Some types have high cure rates, while others require ongoing management.
Leukaemia can significantly impact a patient's daily life by causing fatigue, increased susceptibility to infections, and potential disruptions due to medical appointments and treatments. Symptoms and side effects may vary, affecting daily activities and requiring adjustments to maintain overall well-being.
Coping with leukaemia involves engaging with one’s medical team, seeking emotional support from friends and family, educating oneself about the condition, and maintaining a positive and supportive network.
The prognosis for leukaemia varies based on factors such as the specific type of leukaemia, the patient's age, overall health, and how well the leukaemia responds to treatment. Advances in medical research and targeted therapies have contributed to improved outcomes, and stem cell transplantation may be a viable option in certain cases, significantly impacting prognosis. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are crucial post-treatment to detect any signs of recurrence and manage potential long-term side effects. It's important to note that individual responses to treatment can vary, and ongoing advancements in medical science continue to influence prognostic outcomes.
Acute Leukemias (AML and ALL) tend to have a more challenging prognosis due to their rapid progression, but many individuals, especially younger patients, can achieve complete remission with intensive treatments.
Chronic Leukemias (CML and CLL) progress more slowly, and while they may not be curable, individuals often live with the disease for an extended period, with treatment aimed at long-term disease control and symptom management.
Reviewed by Dr. Rayaz Ahmed, Senior Director - Cancer Care / Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant, Hematology Oncology, Haematology (Hematology) on 15 Feb 2024.
Max Healthcare is home to 5000 eminent doctors in the world, most of whom are pioneers in their respective fields. Additionally, they are renowned for developing innovative and revolutionary clinical procedures.
Max Healthcare is home to 5000 eminent doctors in the world, most of whom are pioneers in their respective fields. Additionally, they are renowned for developing innovative and revolutionary clinical procedures.
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